Against Reinstating the Military Draft Essay -- essays research papers

Against Reinstating the Military Draft On July 1, 1973, Congress chose to end the enlist in favor of an All Volunteer Army. According to The Professional air of Army History, No. 27, the last man was drafted in December 1972 and reported for training in June 1973. Now, not only might the renewed military draft come back but also the age of compulsory service in the meat grinder might be extended from its former edge of 26 years up to 42 years of age. As Ken Adachi, the editor of ?Educate Yourself,? reports, a new draft will include some(prenominal) men and women. While at various points in history the joined States military has operated effectively and efficiently with the draft, reinstating the draft would contradict the ideals of freedom and patriotism that the United States stands for and is supposedly fighting for.People who support the military draft will say that it is the obligation of every citizen of the United States, and every other person residing in the United Stat es, who is between the ages of 18 and 42, to perform a period of national service. Aren?t there many other ways--less deadly ways--to contribute to the country?s well being? Should we, as citizens, be allowed to evade this ultimate obligation by turning it over to the poorer members of society, those who cant find good-paying jobs or training except in the military? In A War for Us, Fought by Them, William Broyles, a Vietnam war veteran and the father of a young man who is a soldier in the Marines, argues that the military draft should be brought back, and this time it should be done right everybody should be drafted, not just ?the profoundly patriotic or the economically poverty-stricken (Broyles 695).On the other hand, one of the checks that help main... ...e unnecessary moneymakers, products of lies and deception behind the scenes, orchestrated by powerful and rich men who usually never stand but, rather, gain from their machinations to create war. I support a National Servi ce Obligation system that would draft all persons, at age 18, to serve for 18 months in some form of public service. This would allow American citizens to contribute to the country in different ways. But it should be one?s birth decision how to contribute to the country. As said before, I believe that reinstating the military draft will not increase patriotism or a guts of duty, but will rather decrease the effectiveness of the military and will create huge protest feeling among country?s citizens. Therefore we should look every possible way to contribute the country?s future instead of just putting our future and ourselves in the Meat Grinder.

Analysis of History :: American America History

Analysis of HistoryHistory is the memory of things said and d unitary. Every man is a historian. I summate that write up includes everything said and done, to a certain extent. There are levels of history. The relevance to each individuals life determines the significance and importance of the certain particular. Also, it should only be studied, perhaps, if the event has a certain impact on the person who is studying it. If an action proved to be important to an individual in the present or the future, that incidental would be a sort of personal history. If it were meaningful to a large group of people, it would be a less individual kind of history. The type of history that is commonly taught is the less personal kind. History teachers think that this kind of national history has more relevance to each persons life than the more individual events. However, sometimes the personal events are more important and leave a bigger impact on an individual than the national history. In one dictionary, history is define as a written account of events, particularly of those affecting a nation, institution, science, or art... I think that this definition of History completely counteracts the original quote. In my opinion, if one were to do something that only effected himself, it would still be history. It would not chip in that big of an impact on the world, but to that person, it could have been very influential. other definition of history says that it is a methodical record of important events which concern a community of men. Once again, in my opinion history does not have to effect a community of men in order for it to be important or significant. Also, history does not have to be written in order for it to be relevant or to have an impact. Even a simple story passed from generation to generation with clues from the past is a form of history. If one were to write that cavemen had three legs, it would not make it history. Whether it is written or not does not af fect the truth and facts of the situation. I agree that history is simply unspoiled the memory of past events. The remembrance of an occurrence shows that it is relevant enough to be remembered. It is important that a historical event is remembered the same by all.

English Views of the Native Americans :: essays papers

English Views of the homegrown AmericansAfter reading chapter three of Ungers American Issues, I directly have a better understanding of how English settlers looked upon the lifestyles of the Native Americans. Four key people that have led to this understanding are Hugh Jones, Hugh Henry Brackenridge, William Penn, and pot Heckewelder. In their essays they give accurate accounts of how the Native Americans lived, through their eyes. I also see how European beliefs reflected their views and how this set the stage for conflict among these groups.In Hugh Jones essay titled, Characteristics of the Indians, he basically gives a factual account of how the Indians live their daily life. Although his account is mostly factual, his European biases do play a major role in his interpretation of Indian ways. In one instance, in describing the Indians rejoicing and war dances, Jones says that they used, the most antick sic gestures, in the most frightful dress, with a hideous noise (Unger, p. 43). To Jones and new(prenominal) Englishmen their dress may seem frightful and the noise may sound hideous, but that is his opinion. To the Indians this is normal and a way of life. This just shows the white mans ignorance to the culture of the Native Americans. In a second instance Joness describes the Indians in their finest dress. He states that the Indians believe they are looking their best when they are ridiculously dressed. Once again he is giving his opinion of the definition of what is considered ridiculous to the English. Jones also pokes fun at many a(prenominal) of the traditions of the Indians, for example, the way they wear their hair or the painting on their faces. He notes this as being comical and also uses sarcasm in portraying these traditions. Jones essay provides many useful facts about the Indian way of life, but his European biases prevent him from disclosing the actual truth.Hugh Henry Brackenridge has a very opposing view towards the Indians. Jones never really gives his personal opinion on whether or not he liked the Indians, but Brackenridge make his view very clear. He makes this apparent in the title of his essay, The Indians Have No Exclusive Claim to America. Brackenridge supports this notion with many references to the Bible. He states that The whole of this earth was given to man, and all descendants of Adam have a right to share it equally (Brackenridge, in Unger, p.

Land Surveying :: Geography

Surveying is the technique and science of accurately determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional space position of points and the distances and angles between them. These points ar usually, moreover not exclusively, associated with positions on the surface of the Earth, and are often personad to establish land maps and boundaries for ownership or governmental purposes. In order to accomplish their objective, surveyors use elements of geometry, engineering, trigonometry, mathematics, physics, and law.Historically, distances were criteriond exploitation a variety of means, such as chains with links of a known length, for instance a Gunters chain or measuring attachs made of steel or invar. In order to measure horizontal distances, these chains or tapes would be pulled taut according to temperature, to reduce sagging and slack. Additionally, attempts to adhesive friction the measuring instrument level would be made. In instances of measuring up a slope, the surveyor might h ave to break (break chain) the measurement- that is, raise the rear part of the tape upward, plumb from where the last measurement ended.Historically, horizontal angles were measured using a compass, which would provide a magnetic bearing, from which deflections could be measured. This type of instrument was later ameliorate upon, through more carefully scribed discs providing better angular resolution, as well as through mounting telescopes with reticles for more precise sighting atop the disc. Additionally, levels and calibrate circles allowing measurement of vertical angles were added, along with venires for measurement down to a fraction of a degree- such as a turn-of-the-century transit.The simplest method for measuring height is with an altimeter using air pressure as an indication of height. But for surveying more precision is needed. Toward this end, a variety of means, such as precise levels, have been developed. Levels are calibrated to provide a precise plane from which differentials in height between the instrument and the point in question can be measured, typically through the use of a vertical measuring rod.As late as the 1990s the basic tools used in planar surveying were a tape measure for determining shorter distances, a level for determines height or elevation differences, and a theodolite, set on a tripod, with which one can measure angles, combined with triangulation. Starting from a position with known location and elevation, the distance and angles to the unknown point are measured. A more modern instrument is a total station, which is a theodolite with an electronic distance measurement device and can also be used for leveling when set to the horizontal plane.

Vaccine Testing :: essays research papers

human immunodeficiency virus Vaccine Testing in AfricaThe United Nations estimates that 5.8 trillion people per year become give with the immunodeficiency virus (human immunodeficiency virus). Ninety percent of these infections occur in sub- Saharan Africa, where infected persons do not have approach to antiviral therapy. Approximately 2.4 million Africans died of assist in 2002, and 3.5 million occurred in the region. Where in the United States $12,000-$15,000 is usually spent on treating an human immunodeficiency virus-infected person per year, only $6 is spent annually per person in Uganda.The only method presently available to prevent the spread of HIV in less-developed countries is counseling against the behaviors that increase the danger of infection. Its obvious that a vaccinum would be more beneficial to these countries. There are several HIV vaccinums in various stages of development that extremity to be tried to see their effectiveness. It seems bonnie to carry ou t such trials in less-developed countries.Since 1984, when HIV was identified as the condition of AIDS, the development of a HIV vaccine has been a goal for the scholarship world. Researchers have many different strategies that may lead to an effective HIV vaccine. Scientists take small parts of the HIV virus and change them in a laboratory to create synthetic copies. The experimental vaccines do not use whole or live HIV. The vaccines cannot cause HIV or AIDS. The vaccines being tested should produce either antibodies or cytotoxic T cells to fight the infection.There are several types of experimental HIV vaccines. A peptide vaccine is made of piffling pieces of proteins from the HIV virus. The recombinant subunit protein vaccine is made of bigger pieces of proteins from the HIV virus. Examples of a recombinant subunit protein are gp120, gp140, or gp160 produced by genetic engineering. The DNA vaccine uses copies of a small number of HIV genes which are inserted into pieces of DN A called plasmids. The HIV genes will produce proteins very similar to the ones from echt HIV. A live vector vaccine is made of HIV genes that have been taken out of the virus and altered. The genes are inserted into another vector, which carries them into the bodys cells. The genes in turn produce proteins that are ordinarily found on the surface of the HIV virus. This type of vaccine most resembles the HIV virus but isnt harmful. Many vaccines that are used today, corresponding the smallpox vaccine, use this method. A vaccine combination uses any two vaccines, one after another, to create a stronger immune response.Vaccine Testing essays research papersHIV Vaccine Testing in AfricaThe United Nations estimates that 5.8 million people per year become infected with the immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Ninety percent of these infections occur in sub- Saharan Africa, where infected persons do not have access to antiviral therapy. Approximately 2.4 million Africans died of AIDS in 20 02, and 3.5 million occurred in the region. Where in the United States $12,000-$15,000 is usually spent on treating an HIV-infected person per year, only $6 is spent annually per person in Uganda.The only method presently available to prevent the spread of HIV in less-developed countries is counseling against the behaviors that increase the risk of infection. Its obvious that a vaccine would be more beneficial to these countries. There are several HIV vaccines in various stages of development that need to be tested to see their effectiveness. It seems reasonable to carry out such trials in less-developed countries.Since 1984, when HIV was identified as the cause of AIDS, the development of a HIV vaccine has been a goal for the science world. Researchers have many different strategies that may lead to an effective HIV vaccine. Scientists take small parts of the HIV virus and change them in a laboratory to create synthetic copies. The experimental vaccines do not use whole or live HIV . The vaccines cannot cause HIV or AIDS. The vaccines being tested should produce either antibodies or cytotoxic T cells to fight the infection.There are several types of experimental HIV vaccines. A peptide vaccine is made of tiny pieces of proteins from the HIV virus. The recombinant subunit protein vaccine is made of bigger pieces of proteins from the HIV virus. Examples of a recombinant subunit protein are gp120, gp140, or gp160 produced by genetic engineering. The DNA vaccine uses copies of a small number of HIV genes which are inserted into pieces of DNA called plasmids. The HIV genes will produce proteins very similar to the ones from real HIV. A live vector vaccine is made of HIV genes that have been taken out of the virus and altered. The genes are inserted into another vector, which carries them into the bodys cells. The genes in turn produce proteins that are normally found on the surface of the HIV virus. This type of vaccine most resembles the HIV virus but isnt harmful . Many vaccines that are used today, like the smallpox vaccine, use this method. A vaccine combination uses any two vaccines, one after another, to create a stronger immune response.

Vaccine Testing :: essays research papers

human immunodeficiency virus vaccinum Testing in AfricaThe United Nations estimates that 5.8 million people per year become give with the immunodeficiency virus (human immunodeficiency virus). Ninety percent of these infections occur in sub- Saharan Africa, where infected persons do not gestate access to antiviral therapy. Approximately 2.4 million Africans died of AIDS in 2002, and 3.5 million occurred in the region. Where in the United States $12,000-$15,000 is usually pass on treating an human immunodeficiency virus-infected person per year, only $6 is spent annually per person in Uganda.The only method straightway available to prevent the spread of human immunodeficiency virus in less-developed countries is counseling against the behaviors that increase the risk of infection. Its obvious that a vaccine would be more advantageous to these countries. there be several HIV vaccines in various stages of development that need to be tested to see their effectiveness. It seems r easonable to carry out such trials in less-developed countries.Since 1984, when HIV was identified as the ca give of AIDS, the development of a HIV vaccine has been a goal for the science world. Researchers have many disparate strategies that may lead to an effective HIV vaccine. Scientists take small parts of the HIV virus and change them in a laboratory to create celluloid copies. The experimental vaccines do not use whole or live HIV. The vaccines cannot cause HIV or AIDS. The vaccines being tested should produce either antibodies or cytotoxic T cells to fight the infection.There are several types of experimental HIV vaccines. A peptide vaccine is made of tiny pieces of proteins from the HIV virus. The recombinant subunit protein vaccine is made of bigger pieces of proteins from the HIV virus. Examples of a recombinant subunit protein are gp120, gp140, or gp160 produced by genetic engineering. The DNA vaccine uses copies of a small number of HIV genes which are inserted into p ieces of DNA called plasmids. The HIV genes allow for produce proteins very similar to the ones from real HIV. A live vector vaccine is made of HIV genes that have been taken out of the virus and altered. The genes are inserted into another vector, which carries them into the bodys cells. The genes in turn produce proteins that are normally found on the get hold of the HIV virus. This type of vaccine close resembles the HIV virus but isnt harmful. Many vaccines that are used today, like the smallpox vaccine, use this method. A vaccine combination uses any both vaccines, one after another, to create a stronger immune response.Vaccine Testing essays research papersHIV Vaccine Testing in AfricaThe United Nations estimates that 5.8 million people per year become infected with the immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Ninety percent of these infections occur in sub- Saharan Africa, where infected persons do not have access to antiviral therapy. Approximately 2.4 million Africans died of A IDS in 2002, and 3.5 million occurred in the region. Where in the United States $12,000-$15,000 is usually spent on treating an HIV-infected person per year, only $6 is spent annually per person in Uganda.The only method presently available to prevent the spread of HIV in less-developed countries is counseling against the behaviors that increase the risk of infection. Its obvious that a vaccine would be more beneficial to these countries. There are several HIV vaccines in various stages of development that need to be tested to see their effectiveness. It seems reasonable to carry out such trials in less-developed countries.Since 1984, when HIV was identified as the cause of AIDS, the development of a HIV vaccine has been a goal for the science world. Researchers have many different strategies that may lead to an effective HIV vaccine. Scientists take small parts of the HIV virus and change them in a laboratory to create synthetic copies. The experimental vaccines do not use whole or live HIV. The vaccines cannot cause HIV or AIDS. The vaccines being tested should produce either antibodies or cytotoxic T cells to fight the infection.There are several types of experimental HIV vaccines. A peptide vaccine is made of tiny pieces of proteins from the HIV virus. The recombinant subunit protein vaccine is made of bigger pieces of proteins from the HIV virus. Examples of a recombinant subunit protein are gp120, gp140, or gp160 produced by genetic engineering. The DNA vaccine uses copies of a small number of HIV genes which are inserted into pieces of DNA called plasmids. The HIV genes will produce proteins very similar to the ones from real HIV. A live vector vaccine is made of HIV genes that have been taken out of the virus and altered. The genes are inserted into another vector, which carries them into the bodys cells. The genes in turn produce proteins that are normally found on the surface of the HIV virus. This type of vaccine most resembles the HIV virus but isn t harmful. Many vaccines that are used today, like the smallpox vaccine, use this method. A vaccine combination uses any two vaccines, one after another, to create a stronger immune response.

Making Collaboration Work in Inclusive High School Classrooms Essay

The author uses a fictional case hear chronicling a team in an inclusive high school setting. The team consists of the oral sex (administrator), the general education teacher, the special education teacher, the physical therapist, and the speech pathologist. Throughout the paper she creates a fictional case use up that moves the group from contention by dint of collaboration to ultimate success in sustaining an inclusion program at the fictional high school. The limitations to this approach is first, that it is fictional.Second, it does not account for external factors such as program funding or the presence of other educational initiatives that may change dynamics such as teacher availability (in terms of bat hours) classroom methods such as those designed to facilitate state and district demands under the No Child Left Behind initiative. Although the fictional case study imposes limitations, Hines successfully demonstrates four guiding whizzs or best practices for successful collaboration open communication, sharing leadership, developing goals, and resolving conflicts.By breaking the case study into four sections, she poses the questions what is the challenge to successful collaboration and what factors are impeding a successful inclusion program. Following each portion of case narrative she settlement the questions and provides a framework for solving each challenge and implementing those solutions into the inclusion framework. Critical Analysis Findings and Opinions Collaboration is the key to making the inclusive classroom setting work. in effect(p) facilitation is the key to making the collaborative effort work. The school principal is the primary facilitator. This paper describes one principal working with one team, but a principal or administrator can modify Hines best practices to work in multiple team settings. This paper can be read in any of three ways. First, what is collaboration and how does it assist in developing an inclusive classr oom setting.Second, given the existence of an inclusive classroom setting, how can collaboration be use to solve problems that arise in sustaining a schools inclusion program. Third, what framework should an administrator use to develop a successful collaborative effort. shutting Joy Hines outlines methods that principals can use for making the collaborative approach work. This case study applies laser like focus to applying principals of collaboration.Teachers and principals can use this paper to get a line their roles, as well as the role of their peers, superiors, and subordinates, in the collaborative process. Finally, Hines makes clear that the team approach and proper facilitation from a leader, the principal, are key elements in making the collaborative effort work. Reference Hines, J. T. (May 2008). Making Collaboration Work in Inclusive High School Classrooms Recommendations for Principals. Intervention in School and Clinic, 43(5), 277-282.

A Survey of Behavioral Finance Summary

A Survey of Behavioral Finance Nicholas Barberis and Richard Thaler In this deceasebook, Barberis and Thaler define the differences amongst traditional finance and behavioral finance. Traditional finance is rational. Rationality means two things correct Bayesian Updating and choises consistent with expected utility. On the a nonher(prenominal) hand behavioral finance assumes that market is not fully rational and analyzes the facts when the some of the princibles ar loosen up. This essay also discusses about two of import topics limits to arbitrage and psychology.These two topics are known as the two buildings blocks of the behaviour finance. In the normal markets security prices equal to fundamental value. In this sitiuation. expected bullion flows can be easily calculate with the markets discount roves. This hypothesis called Efficient Market Hypothesis. gibe to this hypothesis as soon as there pull up stakes be a deviation from fundemantal value and mispricings will be cor rected by rational traders. An arbitrage is an investiture strategy that offers riskless profits at no cost.The rational traders le became known as arbitrageurs because of the belief that a mispriced asset at once creates an opportunity for riskless profits. Behavioral finance argues that this is not true. According to behavioral finance prices are right and there is no free lunch statments are not equal. If the market value of a carry is not equal to fundemantal value of the stock, arbitrageurs can not enter the position easily. Because there are some risks and cost. First of all there is a fundemantal risk.If the negative offend occurs to the stock , there is not a prefect substitude to hedge theirselves. Second risk is about noisy traders. Noisy trader can be caused to decrease correspond to their pessimistic behavior. Noisy traders forces the arbitrageurs to liquidate their position early. This is called seperation of brains and capital. Trading in the same direction of noi sy traders and arbitrageurs can also caused problems. Execution or implementation costs are also limitting to arbitrage such as commisions, bid/ask sp picture Price impact, short sell costs and identification cost.So far, we see how the difficult for the rational traders such as hedge funds to exploit market market inefficiencies. In Evidence part of the hand book they discuss if there is some evidence that arbitrage is limited. If arbitrage were not limited, the mispricing would quickly disappear. It is not easy to identify mispricings. when a mispriced security has a perfect substitute, arbitrage can still be limited if arbitrageurs are risk averse and have short horizons and the noise trader risk is systematic, or the arbitrage requires specialized skills, or there are costs to learning about such opportunities.Index ? nclusions are shown as a good example of evidence supporting limits to arbitrage in the handbook. It almost says that stock prices jups premanantly and gives exa mples from S&P. The theory of limited arbitrage shows that if irrational traders cause deviations from fundamental value, rational traders will often be powerless to do anything about it. In this part Barberis and Thaler summarize the psychology and summarize what psychologists have learned about how people appear to form beliefs in practice.Overconfidence, optimism and wishful thinking , representativeness, conservatism, belief perseverance, anchoring, approachability biases are some of beliefs that explain in the book. The important thing of all these biases that according to observations when the bias is explained, people often understand it, but then immediately proceed to violate it again. On the other hand, people, through repetition, will learn their way out of biases that experts in a field, such as traders in an investment bank, will make fewer errors and that with more powerful incentives, the effects will isappear. chance Theory is explained in the book with some exampl es and formulas. This section of the book gives answers to how setting theory could explain why people made different choices in situations with identical final wealth levels. Ambigutiy aversion is defines risk as a try with known distribution and un genuinety as a gamble with unknown distribution, and suggests that people dislike uncertainty more than risk. The experiments about ambigutiy aversions shows that people do not like sitiuations where they are uncertain .Aversion changes based on preceived competence at assessing relevant distribution. US stock market is a good research subject area for the facts about its behaviour. The most three important behaviours are equity insurance premium , high volality and predictable numbers. Risk preium seems to high and possible explanations are under survey theory. Rational approches must focus on changing risk aversion to explain volatility. Volatiliy explanations under beliefs are overreaction to dividend growth, overreaction to re turns, confusion between real and nominal rates. e rattling three of these facts are known as eqity puzzles.Both the rational and behavioral approaches to finance have made progress in understanding the three puzzles singled out at the start of this section. The advances on the rational side are well described in other articles in this handbook. Here, we discuss the behavioral approaches, starting with the equity premium puzzle and then turning to the volatility puzzle. Equity premium puzzle is that even though stocks appear to be an attractive asset investors appear very unwilling to hold them. In particular, they appear to demand a substantial risk premium in order to hold the market supply.Benartzi and Thaler are unmatchable of the earliest papers link prospect theory to the equity Premium. Their study is about how an insvestor allocate his portfolio between T-Bills and the stock market with the prospect theory acknowledge. Prospect theory argues that when choosing between gamb les, people compute the gains and losses for each one and select the one with the highest prospective utility. In a financial context, this suggests that people may choose a portfolio allocation by computing, for each allocation, the potential gains and losses in the value of their.One possible story is that investors believe that the mean dividend growth rate is more variable than it actually is. When they see a surge in dividends, they are too quick to believe that the mean dividend growth rate has increased. Their exuberance pushes prices up relative to dividends, adding to the volatility of returns. holdings, and then taking the allocation with the highest prospective utility. this is a example of representativness. In the handbook they explains the cross-section of average returns.They document that one group of stocks earns higher average returns than another. These facts have come to be known as anomalies because they cannot be explained by the simplest and most intuitive model of risk and return in the financial economists toolkit, the Capital Asset Pricing Model, or CAPM. This is explainin by the size Premium, long term reversals, the predictive of scaled ratios, impetus , event studies of earnings announcements,event studies of divident initiations and ommissions, event studies of stock repuchases, event studies of primary and secondary offerings.Barberis and Thaler clasify the behavioral models on whether their mechanism centers on beliefs or on prefences. the result of systematic errors that investors make when they use public information to form expectations of future cash flows. Conservatism and representativeness cause this. Behavioral finance has also discuss about how certain groups of investors behave, and what kinds of portfolios they choose to hold and how they trade over time. It is simply to explain the actions of certain investors, and these actions also affect prices.Some of the actions of nvestors and the behavioral ideas are insuf ficient diversifation, naive diversifation,excessive trading, the selling and buying decision. In the corporate finance part of the hand book gives opinions to rational managers in a mispricing market and gives examples for market timing. On the conclusion of the hand book they mentioned that behavioral finance will be develop on coming years. This handbook publish on 2002 and it is valid nowadays. After I read this book I mentioned how important to analyszing the market as an investor by the view of the behavioural finance. PINAR TUNA 108621034

Antoni Gaudi – Essay

Antoni Gaudi One of Spains most internationally recognized architects, Antonio Gaudi has left his mark throughout Barcelona and Catalonia. His whimsical vision and imaginative designs have brought a bit of magic to this historic region. Gaudi? s culmination of traditional elements with fanciful ornamentation and brilliant technical solutions paved the way for future architects to step outdoor(a) the box. Born in Reus, Catalonia in 1852, Gaudi was the scratch line in over four generations to leave the family tradition of metal working.As a child, Antonio never excelled in domesticate. He suffered from arthritis, which kept his attendance low, and preferred to spend his time observing plants and animals, as well as studying forms in nature, which would eventually be so enceinte in his designs. It was too during his early years studying with the Escolapius Fathers that Gaudi recognized the value of the divine history of the salvation of man through Christ incarnate, given to the d omain by the Virgin Mary. He later incorporated such beliefs into his greatest work, The Sagrada Familia.Around 1870 Gaudi moved to Barcelona to study architecture at the Provincial School of Architecture. His grades were over again less than superior. However, the young student did earn special recognition in the areas of Trial Drawings and Projects, which allowed him to put his outlandish ideas to use. His professor proclaimed that what had been produced in these two courses was both the work of an insane man or a genius. In 1878 Antoni Gaudi was one of only four students to be granted the title of Architect by the school? s director.At a time of cultural and political renaissance in Europe, Gaudi looked to many sources of inspiration for his work. Medieval books, Gothic art, Oriental structures, the Art Nouveau movement, and, of course, the rejoice of nature, strongly influenced his designs. His deep love of music, as well as his interest in writers such as John Ruskin, who s aid that ornament is the origin of architecture, also played a roll in the development of Gaudi? s unmistakable style. After graduating, Gaudi found comfort in the flourishing city life of turn-of-the cytosine Barcelona.Numerous doors were opened for him among the bourgeoisie, artists, and intellectuals of the time. The young architect had a reputation for dressing in the latest fashion, and surrounding himself by high society. However, Gaudi never forgot his working-class roots. His first major project as a professional architect was workers? housing in a factory, the Coopertiva Mataronese, which was intended to improve the workers? quality of life. Gaudi presented his design at the genus Paris World Fair in 1878.It was there that he met Eusebi Guell, the man who would become one of the artists closest friends and most loyal patrons. In the side by side(p) years, with rapidly growing interest in his work, Gaudi took on many important projects. Among them was the house built for t he wealthy ceramic manufacturer, Manuel Vicens, as well as El Capricho, a villa for the brother-in-law of the Marquee of Comillas. Soon after, Gaudi began designing a palace for his good friend Guell (Palau Guell), and then later the two collaborated on Park Guell, which was intended to be a garden city.Gaudi, however, is most recognized for his work on La Sagrada Familia, a twentieth century cathedral in Barcelona. Gaudi took over the project in 1884 after a disagreement between a member of the Temple Council and the original project manager, Fracisco de Paula del Villar (Gaudis former professor), over materials. Antonio Gaudi was a mere 31 years of age when he officially gained control over the building. The architect devoted the next forty-two years of his life to its construction, until his sudden death at age 74 in 1926.

Dickens creates sympathy Essay

This Essay aims to examine the beneficence that Dickens created for his characters. I will be concentrating on two extracts from the novel Great Expectations. Extract bingle is when smirch and Magwitch meet initially extract two is offices first encounter with Miss Havisham. The three main characters I will be focusing on are Pip, Magwitch and Miss Havisham.Great Expectations was written in the 1800s, a time which suffered from grave poverty due to the government who offer no relief to the distressing.Poverty and squallier was all around. Pickpockets, prostitutes, beggers and drunks were everywhere, desperate for money. Dickens was particularly effected by this because o his own childhood trauma. He was born into the middle twelvemonth which allowed him to obtain an education. This was until his father was imprisoned for multiple debts, which forced Dickens and his family into a diminished standard of life. This meant that Dickens and was forced to work from an early age.Whilst being poor himself he saw extreme poverty far greater than his own. He wrote about real life in his books, which showed the upper and middle classes, who read them, how rottenly the lifestyle of a poor person was.Dickens creates sympathy for Pip through the use of setting. In the first extract Pip is in a cold, dark burial site. This is and unpleasant place for a child to be because it is intimidating and a very lonely place for a child to be.And that small cumulation of shivers growing afraid of it all and beginning to cry was Pip.This illustrates that Pips environment is bringing him down. The fact that he is shivering shows how cold he in truth is. He is clearly upset about where he is otherwise he would not cry. The description of the graveyard in comparison to Pip makes him sounds extremely small. Pip is too overwhelmed by his surrounding which could be why he is so upset. Also, his feelings of loneliness are portrayed by his depression about his family situation. I neer saw my father or mother. This gives the impression that he misses them greatly. Furthermore, it tells us that he never met his parents, possibly that they died when he was very young. This makes him upset because he never knew them or what they were like. So other than the quote which states he was crying he has yet another reason to be in a sad and depressed state. The graveyard is a lonely place for Pip, especially as he is surrounded by his dead family.However, in extract two, Pips environment changes. He is now in the huge house of Miss Havisham. The house is enormous yet it has wooly-minded its luster. A stria inside it looks unused, but old. Objects have lost their colours now with a hint of yellow.No glimpse of daylight was to be seen in it.The quote services to give the feeling of a dark and bad place. This creates sympathy for Pip because he is in a huge house, that has long not been taken care of or used and he is scared and nervous. As well as this the scene creates sympathy for Pip by putting his in a place which is morbid and lifeless, a place which has no comfort which automatically would bring Pip down. The state of her house and the way Pip feels creates feelings of sympathy for Pip. everything with my view which ought to be white had been white long, long ago.Again, this provides an old, lonely perfume which could potentially scare Pip. As well as being in a new place, the outlook of everything is a lot for a young male child to take in, for example Pip says he feels half afraid. This setting would possibly make Pip feel uncomfortable. Also, Pip would be confused and nervous about what happened in the beginning for this once magnificent house to look the way it does. her watch had stopped at twenty minutes to nine, and that a quantify in the room had stopped at twenty minutes to nine.Pip was insecure and unsure of anything, and will want to know more yet bond back with fear.In extract one, when Pip first encounters Magwitch, he is te rrified. The interaction between these two characters is negative. Pip is intimidated by Magwitch. He is a lot taller, older and stronger than Pip.tilted me back his eyes looked most powerfully down into mine.Magwitch is leaning over Pip, making him feel anxious and becoming very scared. Pip is very frightened as he is being threatened by Magwitch. O Dont cut my throat sir I pleaded in scourgeThis creates sympathy for Pip because he is begging Magwitch not to cut his throat, pleading for his life. This is an intimidating situation for Pip and shows him to be desperate, which is understandable for a young boy in his position.Dickens wants the reader to feel sympathy for Magwitch as well as Pip. We know that Magwitch is a convict by the way he is described, which does help create feelings for him.A fearful man, all coarse grey, with a great iron on his leg.This tells us that he is a convict because of the information given over to us about the iron at the end of the quote. Additi onally, it describes him as all coarse grey meaning he was from a prison, belike saying he was prison garbage. He is delineated in a way which makes him sound scared but determined. The fact he is a fearful man probably means he frightens others, just like he is doing to Pip. Along with this, Dickens includes a lot of detail about Magwitchs state of health. This really creates sympathy because to be in that awful mess something horrible must have happened to him. A man who had been soaked in water and smothered in mud and lamed by stones and cut by flintsThis gives the image of Magwitch in the wild he is wet through, covered in mud and cut quite badly all over. He is in a terrible state here and this creates mixed emotions about Magwitch as he threatens Pip. It raises questions in the readers mind as to what in truth happened to him, to him act in the manner which he is doing. While he ate the bread ravenouslyThis concocts the idea that Magwitch is desperate for food, so much so th at he threatens a child. Dickens is making the reader understand why Magwitch is threatening Pip. Dickens describes Magwitch to make him intimidating yet helpless.The sympathy for Magwitch builds up as the interaction between him and Pip grows. When he exits he is described as cold and injured.He hugged his shuddering body in both arms as if to range himself together, and limped toward the churchHe lives in hope that the boy (Pip) will bring the file he wants and food. At this point Magwitch is very weak, sad. In addition to this he is insecure and vulnerable which makes you feel sorry for him.

Howard Street Jewelers Case Study Essay

1. The Levis overlooked several internal control concepts that could have prevented Bettys embezzlement from the company. Segregation of duties Betty had responsibilities in too many aras. She maintained the capital, the cash receipts, and the gross sales records for Howard Street Jewelers. This not only provided Betty with plenty of luck, but also gave her the means to conceal the theft. Authorization of transactions Betty was able to put items on layaway without authorization from management. forcible controls Cash should have been reconciled by management and cash shortages noted by management. The fact that the Levis were unaware of cash shortages indicates that there were poor physical controls when it came to cash counts.2. In the first circumstance, in which the CPA was simply involved with the companys tax returns, the CPA does not have any responsibility to keep abreast the matter as the CPA was not auditing the client. However, the cash shortages should have been b rought to the owners attention as soon as they were noticed. A working relationship between an entity and the CPA is one of mutual trust and there would have been no harm in informing the owners that cash shortages were occurring. In the second circumstance, in which the CPA was responsible for auditing and compiling the companys financial statements, the CPA would have to practice due diligence and investigate and gather evidence that dupery was occurring. If this was the case, then Betty would have been discovered before her fraud equaled 350,000 dollars.3. In order to be successful at implementing internal controls, the Trubeys need an organizational structure and a control environment. I would recommend that they establish core values that they want practiced within their business and a way that those values can be communicated to the lag daily. For instance, during training, they can review those ethical values and implement a way to recognize those that practice those values at least once a month. This creates an understanding amongst staff that the company places a high value on ethics. The key internal control issues that the Trubeys will face while owning a jewelry store are physical controls, segregation of duties, and authorizations. The five control activities that I would recommend based on these issues are outlined and explained below Duties should be overlap amongst staff. Placing cashiers on an alternating schedule between selling and cashiering splits the responsibilities andprovides each staff member with the ability to assess the work of the others. This practice can reduce the opportunity for cash theft as it cannot be easily concealed. Even though Myrna would be head salesclerk as an owner of the business, she should also welcome staff to review her work to enforce a constitution of integrity. Transaction authorization should be required for any transaction over a certain join deemed high risk by management. An example of this would be one sales clerk and one manager must sign the sales record to indicate that not only the sale occurred but that it was recorded appropriately. Returns should be authorized by a member of management as well. Cash should be controlled on a daily basis. A good system for this is to audit the register at the end of each employees shift. Any point of sale system will indicate the amount that is supposed to be in the register at the time of audit. The owners should establish a policy of rewarding cash counts that are exact, and reprimands for cash shortages or overages in excess of twenty dollars. This also eliminates the guesswork of who is responsible for any cash shortage and lets the employees know that their accuracy will be checked by a member of management. Deposits should be reconciled by a member of management. All hold fasts should require two signatures verifying the accuracy of the deposit total and that it was deposited to the bank. When verifying the deposit receipts, all figures should match what was recorded, including the date. There should be physical security for caudex items. In the case of a jewelry store, where inventory is highly priced, it should be locked away with keys and key control should be implemented. Other physical security items would include security cameras and physical inventory counts twice a year. These five internal control activities, if implemented, will give the Trubeys the opportunity to excel in their business.

Wonder Woman

Wonder woman is one of the greatest superheroes of all time. She was conceived as a symbol of loving femininity that would dominate the male instincts towards war and destruction she does this through empowerment. Wonder Woman acts as a very condensed version of Charles Moulton, the creator of Wonder Woman, theories on sexual urge and the urges of men and woman. Although misrepresenting his own theory of the humanity for men and women, Wonder Woman is the perfect allegory to Moultons idea that men can only be forceful and aggressive, while women are capable of both force and sexual love. Women represent love men represent force. Mans use of force without love brings evil and unhappiness. Wonder Woman proves that women are superior to men because they have love as an additional force (Steinem 345). In the Wonder Woman comic book, as a reminder of what they were put through and why they were made, all Amazons must wear bracelets that resemble the shackles they were once threatened with. Most young boys do not possess the empathy needed to put themself in the mind of an Amazon princess.For the ones who do, are often ridiculed for having an egalitarian worldview about men and women. No investigate I was inspired and confused by the isolationism of Paradise Island Did woman have to live separately in order to be happy and courageous? No wonder even boys who could accept comparison might have felt less than good about themselves in some of these stories Were there any men who could turning away the cultural instruction to be violent? , Steinem stated showing her empathy for young boys. This just goes to show that no matter how against the grain one may be for their time, some parts of the culture, especially in regards to gender roles, gets drilled into your head. Ignoring all of the controversy on the situation, males should be able to form their own conclusions about equality in American society today without conviction and travesty from others.

Promotion Strategy

Table of Contents Sr none Title P No. 1. Introduction 2-5 2. promotional Mix 5 3. gross revenue process 7-8 4. advertize 9-13 5. Other Methods 14-15 6. unexclusive traffic 15 7. References 18 Introduction What is promotional dodge ? forwardingal system is the function of assureing, persuading, and influencing a consumer decision. It is as important to non gather plaques as it is to a profit oriented consecrate like Colgate-Palmolive. Some promotional strategies argon aimed at cast down outing primary demand, the desire for a common carrefour category.For example, the Wisconsin Milk Marketing Board supercharges natural high m exclusivelyow by means of advertizings without referring to any particular cheese renderr. But al almost promotional strategies argon aimed at creating selective demand, the desire for a particular product. work O Lakes parkwayThe druthers that stands above. Land O Lakes 4-Quart Cheeseis an example. The objectives of promotion, the components of the promotional mix private selling, de none, gross gross revenue promotion, and unexclusive transaction are discussed, and finally, the factors that influence victuals marketers decisions in selecting a promotional mix are explained.Objectives of Promotional Strategy Promotional strategy objectives vary among organizations. Some use promotion to expand their markets, former(a)s to hold their current positions, still others to familiarise a corporate view contingent on a humankind issue. Promotional strategies can similarly be employ to r to each one selected markets. just about sources identify the specific promotional objectives or goals of providing culture, differentiating the product, increasing gross gross revenue, stabilizing sales, and accentuating the products esteem. An organization can consequence up multiple promotional objectives.The National Pork Producers Council has developed The Other White substance promotional excite primarily to position pork barrel as a white meat sort of than a red meat. Other goals of the hunt include increasing the sale of pork and in operateing consumers that pork is low in calories and cholesterol, high in nutrition, easy to prepare, and versatile. To illustrate the versatility of pork, one advertising in the sweat features 21 different pork dishes and offers consumers a free booklet for those and other pork recipes. Providing InformationIn the early geezerhood of promotional causal agencys, when there was often a short supply of many levels, most advertisements were designed to inform the public of a products availability. Today, a major portion of advert in the United States is still informational. A large section of the daily news report publishers on Wednesdays and Thursdays consists of advert that tells shoppers which products are featured by stores and at what price. health insurance advertisements in Sunday newspaper supplements emphasize information about rising h ospital appeals.Industrial salespeople keep an eye on buyers aware of the latest technological advances in a particular field. Fashion retailers advertise to keep consumers abreast of current styles. Promotional campaigns designed to inform are often aimed at specific market segments. Warner Bros. Records, for example, created a compact disc advertisement markinged at the baby-boom genesis. In explaining the purpose of the ad, a Warner executive said, We believe that most boomers are unaware that our classic recordings of the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s are on CD a coherent with the current releases. The ad informs baby boomers that Warner releases not only contemporary recordings but also some of its best albums from previous years, including those by Fleetwood Mac, Van Morrison, and ZZ Top, on compact discs. Included in the ad is a list of classic recordings immediately available on compact discs. Differentiating the Product Marketers often develop a promotional strategy to dis cern their crackings or operate from those of competitors. To accomplish this, they attempt to occupy a position in the market that appeals to their target customers.Promotions that apply the concept of positioning communicate to consumers meaningful distinctions about the attributes, price, quality, or usage of a darling or avail. Positioning is often used for goods or services that are not leaders in their field. The advertisement for Murphys Oil Soap in Figure 13. 2 is part of a promotional campaign The Murphy-Phoenix Company uses to differentiate its household cleaner from its much larger competition. While market leader Mr. exculpated and other large competitors such as Top Job are promoted as tough on dirt cleaners, Murphys Oil Soap is positioned as a gentle household cleaner.The positioning strategy is carried through with(predicate) in other ads in the campaign, in which caretakers of churches and opera houses emphasize the soaps gentle cleaning attribute. Increasing Sales Increasing sales volume is the most common objective of a promotional strategy. Some strategies reduce on primary demand, others on selective demand. Some condemnations specific audiences are targeted. In an effort to general anatomy the sales volume of its bodywear, Danskin developed an advert campaign targeted at women age 18 to 44. Advertisements in the $3 million campaign, helped boost the sales of Danskins adult garments by 30 percent in one year.The campaign themeAll the Worlds a Stagecommunicates the communicate that Danskin garments can be buyd not only for calculate and dance but also as everyday apparel. Stabilizing Sales Sales stabilization is another(prenominal) goal of promotional strategy. Sales contests are often held during slack periods. Such contests offer prizes (such as pass trips, color televisions, and scholarships) to sales soulnel who toy certain goals. Sales promotion materialscalendars, pens, and the likeare some terms distributed to stimulat e sales during off-periods.Advertising is also often used to stabilize sales. Hotels are crowded on weekdays with trading travelers, but these people go home on Friday. So many hotels promote weekend packages at scorn rates to attract tourists and vacationers. A stable sales pattern allows the firm to improve financial, purchasing, and market planning to even out the production cycle and to reduce some management and production costs. The catch up with use of promotional strategy can be a valuable tool in accomplishing these objectives. Accentuating the Products ValueSome promotional strategies are base on factors, such as warranty programs and repair services, that add to the products value. Many cut through Motor Company advertisements promote specific car and light truck models. Some ads, however, are designed to promote Fords 6-year, 60,000-mile powertrain warranty, while others concentrate on the supporttime Service Guarantee offered by Ford dealers. These promotions poin t out greater ownership utility to buyers, thus enhancing the products value. The Promotional Mix Firms use various elements to obtain their promotional objectives.Promotion consists of two components personal selling and nonpersonal selling. Personal selling is a promotional institution made on a person-to-person flat coat with a strength buyer. Nonpersonal selling consists of advertising, sales promotion, and public relations. The promotional mix is a combination of personal selling and nonpersonal selling. Marketers attempt to develop a promotional mix that goodly and efficiently communicates their message to target customers. Personal Selling For many companies, personal sellinga promotional pre moveation made on a person-to-person basis to a potential buyeris the key to marketing ffectiveness. The promotional strategy of Merrill Lynch, a financial services firm, focuses on its 12,000-person sales force. Selling was the original method of promotion. Today, selling employs o ver 6 million Americans. The sales function of most companies is changing rapidly. In some cases, the change has been only cosmetic, such as when the championship shop clerk is changed to account representative but the hypothecate function remains the same. Yet, many firms are devising significant changes in their sales force. Sales duties have been expanded, and in some instances, the function itself has changed.The primary bring down is toward increased professionalism on the part of sales personnel. Todays sales people act as advisors to their customers, helping them utilise more efficiently the relics they buy. Sales Tasks Sales chores vary significantly from one community or attitude to another, but it usually includes three introductory tasks order processing, creative selling, and missionary selling. Order Processing The task of order processing involves the receipt and treatment of an order. Needs are identified and pointed out to the customer, and the order is pr ocessed.The handling of orders is especially important in satisfying customer needs. The Willamette Industries advertisement points out that the firms salespeople take a customer-oriented nest to order processing. They check the quality of the products their retail customers receive, know their customers market, and ensure that products are available when customers need them. travel plan sales personnel for such consumer products as bread, milk, and soft drinks are examples of order processors. They check a stores stock, constitution the inventory level to the store manager, and work out the sale. about sales jobs have at least a minor(ip) order-processing function. It becomes the primary duty in cases where needs are readily identified and acknowledged by the customer. fictive Selling Sales representatives for most industrial goods and some consumer goods are involved in creative selling, a convincing type of promotional presentation. Creative selling is used when the benefi ts of a good or service are not readily apparent and its purchase is being based on a overcareful analysis of alternatives. In new-product selling, sales people need to be very creative if sign orders are to be secured.Missionary Selling An indirect form of selling in which the representative markets the free grace of a family or provides technical or operational assistance to the customer is called missionary selling. For example, many technically based organizations, such as IBM and Xerox, provide systems specialists who consult with their customers. These people are problem solvers and sometimes work on problems not presently involving their employers product. A person who sells a highly technical product whitethorn do 55 percent missionary selling, 40 percent creative selling, and 5 percent order processing.By contrast, the job of retail salespeople whitethorn be 70 percent order processing, 15 percent creative selling, and 15 classifying a particular sales job. The Sales P rocess Years ago, sales personnel memorized a sales talk provided by their employers. Such a canned sales presentation was mean to provide all the information the customer needed to make a purchase decision. The entire sales process was viewed as a situation in which the pictureive customer was passive and ready to buy if the appropriate information could be identified and presented by the representative.Contemporary selling recognizes that the interaction between buyers and sellers usually rules out canned presentations in all but the simplest of sales situations. Todays professional sales personnel typically follow a consequent pattern, but the actual presentation varies according to the circumstances. Figure 13. 5 records that seven steps can be identified in the sales process prospecting and qualifying, the approach path, the presentation, the materialisation, handling objections, the closing, and the follow-up. Prospecting and Qualifying In prospecting, salespeople identi fy potential customers.They may come from many sources, such as previous customers, friends, business associates, neighbors, other sales personnel, and other employees in the firm. A recent study indicated increased advertising in business publications results in more prospects for salespeople promoting industrial goods and services. In the qualifying process, potential customers are identified in terms of their financial ability and position to buy. Those who lack the necessary financial resources or who are not in a position to make the purchase decision are destinen no further attention.The Approach Salespeople should carefully prepare their approach to potential customers. All available information about prospects should be collected and analyzed. Sales representatives should remember that the initial impression they give prospects often affects the prospects future attitudes. The Presentation The presentation is the stage at which the salesperson transmits the promotional mes sage. The usual method is to describe the goods or services major features, highlight its advantages, and cite examples of consumer satisfaction. The Demonstration A monstrance allows the prospect to become involved in the presentation.Demonstrations reinforce the message communicated to the prospective buyer. In promoting some goods and services, the demonstration is a critical step in the sales process. Paper manufacturers, for example, produce elaborate booklets that their salespeople use to salute different types of paper, paper finishes, and graphic techniques. The demonstration allows salespeople to show art directors, designers, printers, and other potential customers what different paper specimens look like when they are printed. Handling Objections Many salespeople fear objections from the prospect because they view them as a rebuke.Actually, such objections should be welcomed, because they allow superfluous points in support of the sale and to answer questions the consu mer has about the good or service to be presented by the sales representative. The Closing The closing is the critical point in sellingthe time at which the seller actually asks the prospect to buy the product. The seller should watch for signals that the prospect is ready to buy. For example, if a prospect starts discussing where the new equipment would fit in the plant system they are inspecting, it should give the sales agent a signal to attempt to close the sale.Effective closing techniques might be that the salesclerk can ask the prospect directly or propose alternative purchases. Or the salesperson may do something that implies the sale has been completed, such as walking toward a gold register. This forces the prospect to say no if they do not want to complete the sale. The Follow-Up After-sale activities are very important in ascertain whether a customer will buy again later. After the prospect agrees to buy, the salesperson should complete the order processing quickly an d efficiently and reassure the customer about the purchase decision.Later, the salesperson should check with the customer to determine whether the good or service is satisfactory. Many firms employ telemarketers to conduct post-sale activities. Telemarketing is a personal selling approach conducted entirely by telephone. Telemarketers sedulous by the Apple Bank for Savings in New York make follow up calls to customers to measure their reaction to the banks services. Telemarketers also perform other functions in the sales process. At Apple Bank, they handle customer inquiries and help market the banks financial services.For example, telemarketers call customers when their certificates of touch on are about to mature and suggest other savings alternatives. Advertising For many firms, advertising is the most effective type of nonpersonal promotion. Advertising is a remunerative, non personal sales intercourse usually tell at a large number of potential buyers. Firms in the United States account for about half(prenominal) of worldwide advertising expenditures. U. S. marketers spend more than $100 one million million each year, or about $420 for each man, woman, and child.The nations leading advertisers are Philip Morris Procter & Gamble General Motors Sears, Roebuck and Ford Motor Company, each of which spends more than $1 billion on advertising annually. Advertising expenditures can vary considerably from industry to industry and company to company. In the nonresidential general building contracting industry, for instance, advertising spending amounts to only two-tenths of 1 percent of sales. At the other extreme is the retail mail-order house industry, which spends 14 percent of sales on advertising. Types of AdvertisingThe two basic types of advertising are product and institutional. Product advertising involves the selling of a good or service. Advertisements for Nike aura shoes, Marriott hotels, and Packard Bell computers would be classified as produc t advertising. Institutional advertising involves the promotion of a concept, idea, or philosophy, or the goodwill of an industry, company, organization, or government entity. For example, Texas promoted tourism with the theme Visit a country where the natives are friendly and the language barrier is easily overcome. Institutional advertising by profit-seeking firms is called corporate advertising. A form of institutional advertising that is growing in importance, advocacy advertising supports a specific viewpoint on a public issue. Its purpose is to influence public opinion and/or the legislative process. Advocacy advertising is used by many nonprofit organizations. For example, advertisements by the National Rifle acquaintance support Americans underlying right to keep and bear arms and speak out against the passage of gun-control rectitudes.The Chemical Bank advertisement an example of a corporate advocacy advertisement. The ad expresses Chemical Banks viewpoint concerning a c urrent law that prohibits commercial banks from competing in the securities underwriting market. Advocacy advertising is sometimes referred to as cause advertising. Advertising and the Product Life Cycle Product and institutional advertising can be subdivided by its purposes to inform, persuade, or instigate. Informative advertising, intended to build initial demand for a product, is used in the introductory phase of the product vivification cycle.When Johnson Johnson introduced its Acuvue disposable contact lensthe nations first disposable lensit launched a massive advertising campaign directed at consumers and eye-care professionals to explain the health benefits of using the new product. Persuasive advertising attempts to improve the private-enterprise(a) status of a product, institution, or concept. It is used in the growth and maturity stages of the product smell cycle. The Kinder-Care advertisement in Figure 13. 7 is an example of persuasive advertising. Since it was esta blished in 1969, Kinder-Care used informational ads that promoted the centers hours and programs.But now that the company has grown to almost 1,400 centers and competitors such as La Petite Academy, Childrens World, and Gerber Childrens Center have entered the market, Kinder-Care has shifted to a persuasive advertising approach. The theme of the campaignThe Joys of Kinder-Carepromotes the idea of trust, which the firms marketing research indicated was parents major child-care concern. One of the most general approaches to persuasive product advertising is comparative advertising, which makes direct comparisons with competitive products. Numerous companies have used comparative advertising in recent years.The Pepsi Challenge is an example of comparative advertising. Pepsi-Cola ads have used blind taste tests in which a majority of consumers choose Pepsi over Coca- Cola. Although Coca-Cola still leads the soft-drink market, the Pepsi Challenge helped increase Pepsi sales considerabl y. Reminder-oriented advertising, used in the late-maturity and dec rail line stages of the product life cycle, attempts to keep a products place in front of the consumer or to remind people of the importance of a concept or an institution. Soft drinks, beer, toothpaste, and cigarettes are products for which reminder-oriented advertising is used.The Association of Railroads used an advertisement that began Todays railroads, Americas great untapped resource. Even police cars in some areas of the United States sprout reminder-oriented themes such as We protect and serve. E. D. Bullard Company designed the note shown in Figure 13. 8 to remind workers of the importance of habiliment hard hats. Advertising Media All marketers face the question of how to best allocate their advertising expenditures. Cost is an important consideration, but it is equally important to choose the media best suited for the job. All media have dvantages and disadvantages these are discussed in the section s that follow. Newspapers Newspapers, with 26 percent of amount of money advertising volume, are the largest of the advertising media. 9 Because newspaper advertising can be tailored for individual communities, local advertising is common. Newspapers also reach more or less everyone in the community. Other advantages are that readers can refer back to them, and they can be coordinated with other advertising and merchandising efforts. In fact, advertising is considered the third most useful feature in newspapers, after(prenominal) national and local news. A disadvantage is the relatively short life span.Television Television ranks second general to newspapers with 22 percent of all advertising volume, but it is the leader in national advertising. Television advertising can be classified as network, national, local, and cable. Television has a significant impact on potential customers despite its high cost. Mass coverage, repetition, flexibility, and prestige are other advantages. The mediums ability to reach huge audiences was demonstrate vividly by the 1989 Pepsi commercial featuring pop singer Micahael Jackson. The firm spent $5 million to cock the commercial to 250 million viewers in 40 nations, from Finland to the Philippines. The ad was pulled because of Michael Jacksons image and level-headed problems. ) In addition to high cost, its disadvantages include the temporary nature of the message, some public distrust, and lack of selectivity in the ability to reach specific target market segments without considerable wasted coverage. curb Mail Direct mail is the third-leading advertising medium, with about 17 percent of rack up advertising expenditures. Its advantages include selectivity, intense coverage, speed, flexibility, complete information, and personalization. On the other hand, direct mail is extremely costly.It is also dependent on effective mailing lists, and it sometimes meets with consumer resistance. Radio With 99 percent of all U. S. h ouseholds owning on average five radio sets, radio is another important broadcast advertising medium. Radio, which accounts for 7 percent of total advertising volume, can be classified as network, spot, and local advertising. Advantages of radio are immediacy, low cost, targeted audience selection, flexibility, and mobility. Disadvantages include the short life span of a radio message and a highly fragmented audience.Magazines Magazines account for about 5 percent of advertising volume. Modern Maturity, with almost 20 million subscribers, is the nations largest magazine in terms of paid subscriptions. It is followed by Readers Digest and TV Guide, each with about 17 million subscribers. Advantages of magazines include selectivity, quality reproduction, long life, and prestige. The main disadvantage of magazines is that they lack the flexibility of newspapers and broadcast media, but the appearance of local advertising in various regional editions of national news magazines suggests that this problem is being overcome.Outdoor Advertising One percent of total advertising expenditures are on outdoor advertising such as billboards. Its strength is in communication simple ideas quickly. Other advantages are repetition and the ability to promote goods and services available for sale nearby. However, the message must be brief, and there are aesthetic considerations. Other Media Options Other media include advertising in movie theaters and on airline movie screens. Recently, several firms such as Coca Cola, PepsiCo, Chrysler, and Hershey placed ads on videocassette movies.Many firms display their advertising message on trucks, while others use transit advertising. An advertising vehicle gaining in popularity is the hot-air balloon, used by organizations such as Maxwell House, Coors, Eastman Kodak, and the states of Maryland and Connecticut. These alternative media can be employed separately or in conjunction with advertising campaigns using more traditional media. C an you name the candy the space creature picked up in the film E. T. ? Reeses Candy companys sales of Reeses Pieces went through the profit ceiling for this exposure.As such, many other companies now pay thousands of dollars for this type of theatrical exposure and advertising. Sales Promotion Sales promotion consists of the forms of promotion other than advertising, personal selling, and public relations that increase sales through one-time selling efforts. Sales promotion was traditionally viewed as a supplement to a firms sales or advertising efforts, but now it has become an integral part of the promotional mix. Expenditures for sales promotion total more than $100 billion each year. Point-of-Purchase Advertising (POP)Point-of-purchase advertising (POP) consists of displays and demonstrations promoting an item at a time and place near the location of the actual purchase decision, such as in a retail store. Video advertising on supermarket shopping carts is an example. POP can be very effective in continuing a theme developed by some other aspect of the firms promotional strategy. rarity Advertising Specialty advertising is the giving away of useful merchandise such as pens, calendars, T-shirts, glassware, and goop calculators that are imprinted with the donors name, logo, or message.Because the items are useful and are often personalized with the recipients name, they tend to be kept and used by the targeted audience, giving the advertiser repeated exposure. Originally designed to identify and create goodwill for advertisers, specialty advertising is now used to generate sales leads and develop traffic for stores and business show exhibitors. Trade Shows A trade show is often used to promote goods or services to resellers in the distribution channel. Retailers and wholesalers attend trade conventions and shows where manufacturers exhibit their lines. Such shows are very important n the toy, furniture, and formulate industries. They have also been used to promote the products of one nation to buyers from another. L. A. Gear used a trade show extravaganza to let retailers know about its diversified product line. The company, which originally produced a line of teenage fashion athletic footwear, expanded its offerings to include 80 womens shoe styles, a mens and a childrens line, and an apparel collection. But most retailers carry a limited number of L. A. Gear styles compared to those of nationally acknowledge brand names such as Nike and Reebok.To build its brand recognition among retailers, L. A. Gear designed a trade show display replicating the city of Los Angeles, complete with a Beverly Hills Hotel and a 25-foot City Hall. The display includes a stage where dancers, gymnasts, and other performers entertained retailers attending the National Shoe Fair in New York and the superior Show, the trade show of the sporting goods industry. Don Wasley, L. A. Gears vice-president of promotion, said, When we created this trade show bo oth, it was to let the retailers know wed arrived.We wanted them to take us seriously. Other Sales Promotion Methods Other sales promotion techniques include samples, coupons, premiums, contests, and trading stamps. Most of these methods are used to introduce new products or encourage consumers to try a new brand. A sample is a free gift of a product distributed by mail, door to door, in a demonstration, or inside packages containing other products. Samples are particularly useful in promoting new products. PepsiCo used a novel sampling promotion to boost the market share of Pepsi Cola in Brazil.Young male students wearing T-shirts with the Pepsi logo dispensed Pepsi samples from refrigerated backpacks to beachgoers sunning themselves on the beaches of Rio de Janeiro. The promotion supported PepsiCos Taste of a new generation advertising campaign in Brazil, where 50 percent of the population is younger than 20. A coupon is an advertising clipping or package inclusion stamps are simi lar to premiums in that they are redeemable for additional merchandise. Historically, they have been used to build loyalty to a certain retailer or supplier. Contests, sweepstakes, and games offer cash or merchandise redeemable by the customer.Offering what amounts to a small price discount, it can help get a customer to try a new or different product. Many retailers, including southern supermarket large Winn Dixie, double the face value of manufacturers coupons. In a recent survey comparing various methods of consumer promotion, 83 percent of respondents said coupons increased the value of their shopping dollar. The respondents gave sweepstakes and other sales promotion techniques much lower ratings. A premium is an item given free or at a reduced cost with the purchase of another product. Premiums are most effective when they relate in some way to the purchased item.To promote its new cinnamon-and-raisin biscuits and increase overall breakfast traffic, Hardees fast-food restauran ts offered the premium of a atomic number 20 Raisin figurine for 99 cents with the purchase of two biscuits. Sales during the four-week promotion increased 18 percent, well above Hardees goal of increasing sales 4. 5 percent. McDonals and Burger King promote theatrical releases through their Kids Meals. Trading as prizes to participating winners. The transit poster advertises an American Natural Beverage Corporation sweepstakes in which the grand prize is a 1957 Thunderbird Classic.The first person to spell Cruisin by collecting specially marked bottle caps from Soho Natural Soda wins the car. Public Relations Public relations is an organizations communications with its various publics, such as customers, vendors, news media, employees, stockholders, government, and the general public. Many of these communication efforts have a marketing purpose. Johnson Johnson Health Care Company launched a five-year public relations campaign to educate the public on reducing childhood injuries .The Safe Kids program includes a free guard duty kit for children that contains Band-Aids and other JJ products. The firm hopes the goodwill generated by the program will not only enhance its image as a caring and concerned company but also translate into more sales. Building our image builds our business, said a JJ executive. 14 Public relations is often used to supplement advertising and personal selling efforts. In some cases, however, public relations is used as a dominant element in a firms promotional campaign. For example, in ddition to advertising, Paramount Pictures developed a public relations program to promote the Eddie Murphy movie feeler to America. The program was designed to change Murphys image and broaden his appeal beyond his hard-core, young male fans. In the movie, Murphy plays a romantic and humorous leading man, a departure from his familiar tough-guy role in previous films such as Beverly Hills Cop and Trading Places. To stress the versatility of Murphys talent, Paramount prepared publicity releases for newspapers and magazines and sent electronic press kits to television stations.These efforts resulted in extensive media coverage for the movie. For example, several magazines featured Murphy in cover stories, and radio stations gave the movies soundtrack additional playing time. Selecting a Promotional Mix Selecting the appropriate promotional mix is one of the toughest tasks confronting marketers, but there are some general guidelines to assist in determine the relative allocations of promotional efforts and expenditures among personal selling, advertising, sales promotion, and public relations. These guidelines might be stated as a series of four rules.The first guideline is the decision whether to spend promotional monies on advertising or personal selling. Once this decision is made, the marketer needs to determine the level of sales promotion and public relations efforts. A second consideration is the market served by the good or service. For instance, a utilization press is change to the industrial market, so the manufacturers strategy must emphasize the sales force. By contrast, California Raisins are sold to consumers an effective advertising campaign is important to consumer products like raisins.The third rule deals with the value of the product. Most companies cannot afford to emphasize personal selling in marketing a low-priced item and instead choose advertising for the promotional strategy of goods like toothpaste, cosmetics, soft drinks, and candy. Higher-priced items in both industrial and consumer markets rely more on personal selling. Examples include time-share vacation condominiums and Boeing aircraft. Finally, the marketer needs to consider the time frame involved. Advertising is usually used to precondition a person for a sales resentation. An effective and consistent advertising theme may favorably influence individuals when they are approached by a salesclerk in a store. But except f or self-service situations, a salesperson is typically involved in completing the actual transaction. Advertising is often used again after the sale to assure consumers of the rightness of their selection and to precondition them for repeat purchases. Alternative Promotional Strategies The selection of a promotional mix is directly related to the promotional strategy the firm will employ.The marketer has two alternative strategies available to meet these goals shifting strategy or pulling strategy. A pushing strategy is a sales-oriented approach. The product, product line, or service is marketed to wholesalers and retailers in the marketing channels. Sales personnel explain to them why they should carry this particular item or service. The marketing intermediaries are usually offered special discounts, promotional materials, and cooperative advertising allowances. In the die case, the manufacturer shares the cost of local advertising of the product or line.All these strategies ar e designed to motivate wholesalers and retailers to push the product or service to their customers. The kiwifruit advertisement is an example of a pushing strategy. In it, the New Zealand Kiwifruit trust suggests ways retailers can merchandise the fruit so consumers will buy it. A pulling strategy attempts to generate consumer demand for the product, product line, or service, primarily through advertising and sales promotion appeals. Most advertising is aimed at the ultimate consumer, who then asks the retailer for the product or service the retailer in turn requests the item or service from the supplier.The marketer hopes that strong consumer demand will pull the product or service through the marketing channel by forcing marketing intermediaries to carry it. The General Foods advertisement for Maxwell House hot chocolate in illustrates a pulling strategy. The ad announced a sales promotion that tied in with the Taste of Chicago outdoor food festival. Consumers who brought two em pty coffee cans to the Maxwell House cafe at the festival received $6 worth of free food tickets. The consumer pull influenced Chicago-area retailers to prominently feature the brand at their stores. With consumers edeeming about 49,000 empty cans, the promotion was so roaring it produced record sales and moved the Maxwell House brand from third place to first in the Chicago market. Most marketing situations require the use of both strategies, although the emphasis can vary. Consumer products are often heavily dependent on a pulling strategy, while most industrial products are sold through a pushing strategy. References 1. Colton. M. Jo Ann (2000). The Entrepreneurs Guide to Business Basics 101 Advanced Marketing Technologie 2. http//www. smallbusiness. wa. gov. au/marketing-promotion-strategy/selling

Report on Air Asia Essay

The route map of entirely the destinations covered by Air Asia and Air Asia X atomic number 18 also shown. Booking services erstwhile the destinations argon selected the flight times and the base prices will be displayed AirAsia GoAir Asia Go ensures customers to book flights and the hotel rooms in their preferred destinations at the click of the mouse. AirAsia Credit Cards With the Air Asia credit cards, each customer is authorize for great deals and discounts on selected flights and purchases from Air Asia. AirAsia Insure Air Asia has its own actuate insurance, which is Air Asia Insure travel protection.AirAsia CourierWith Air Asia Courier, the courier rates are 50% lower than the nearest competitor prices. It has two important services, that is Delivery to Door and Airport to Airport services. AirAsia RedTix An online ticket service in which customers can buy tickets for future sporting events, theatre shows, and many more. Air Asia RedTix partners with premier event organi zers to bring customers the world of high figure performances and entertainments. Red MegastoreA swap service from Air Asia in which you can browse and shop for exclusive merchandise from the comforts of your home.Exclusive Air Asia merchandise, collectibles, exclusive cosmetics and fragrances are available for customers to choose from. AirAsia. cafeThis is an in-flight experience that is specially orient to cater to the needs of the customers needs and expectations. Food and Beverages, AirAsia Merchandise, and in flight entertainment. Figure 8 Product & service of Air Asia (Accessed on 25th May 2010) http//www. redmegastore. com/webshaper/store/viewCat. asp 3. 0 Mega Environment Mega environment are the general condition outside an organization. Mega environment have 5 elements.These are Technological, Economic, Legal Political, Social kitchen-gardening and International. In this particular time our group will be explaining about Technological and Social Culture. 3. 1 Social/Cu lture Brand culture With the tagline Now everyone can fly, Air Asias doctrine of low fares is aimed to make flying affordable for everyone. Air Asia also aims at making travel easy, expedient and fun for its guests Malaysia is a multiracial country, boasting races of Malays, Chinese, Indians and others. Malaysias state religion is Islam, but people are free to choose their religion.Malay is the official language in Malaysia, as English is also wide used. Fernandess management style to build on the basis of culture, creating a strong brand, and usinghis own alone(p) way. He stressed that the departments are closely linked, and also the importance of distinguishing. He explained in the aviation industry, The pilots opine they are God, and also the engineers as these are very important people. Air Asias philosophy is non only affordable flights, but also interesting and fun experience in each flight.

Christmas card making Essay

What I would give c ar to achieve by making Christmas brainpowers with a group of 3-4 youngsterren at a succession, is to see how and what they think Christmas is all about, their productive side and if the can write their own spots at the bottom of their tantalise. The learning intentions for each child are to either write their own name without abet or copy it from another pitch of paper. Again in this activity the children will swallow to learn to share the equipment.Fridrich Frebel believed and emphasised that creative do was important part of a Childs worlds and growing up, he also thought physical play, song and rhymes was a symbolism, and best developed though play. Aim To get all the children who do a card to screen to write their name inside. What the children will learn The children today will learn how to write their name decently, I dont think they will remember all of how to do it but next time they invite to write it they will find it easier.What I will le arn I should learn to help and supervise children properly and to help understand what they should and shouldnt being doing at this age and weather or not they understand the way I am asking them to do an activity for me. What happened? I have three random children who were wondering around not doing any other activity.I choose ii girls and a boy, to come sit at a table, first of all their launch on aprons the table already had glue and card on it with scissors and glitter pens the children did not understand straight outside what I precious them to do I sat down and tried to explain luckily I had bring in virtuoso that I had did at home with my brother who is their age. The dickens girls KL and CW knew what I wanted them to try and do I even said can you do your name inside when you have finished. This time I didnt have an early years practitioner with me but one of them came over to see if I was okay.The Stephanie Jewell 3rd January 2005 boy I had asked to do a card didnt wan t to he found some liaison else he anted to do, so one of the early years practitioner gave me another boy DK as he needs help with his name. I gave them red card and folded it KL wanted hers folded twice so I did as it was her Christmas card. The children took their time at making the outside of the card about 20 minutes later I said is anyone nearly finished? they all halt their work and said Yes but they was not, so I told them to carry on wherefore a equalize minutes later DK finished the front so I wrote the inside for him and asked if he can do his name e but he was very aliment that he could not do it so I wrote it on a bit of paper to copy and he tried really solid but we only got half of it done as he got a little upset because he didnt want to do it. The two girls finished as well as are sometime(a) they started to write letters inside but they didnt make any words but I thought that was really good bas they were trying.They both wrote their names and kisses, the ch ildren letters were back to front or tiptop but you can tell what their name was. Evaluation The activity of making cards with the children went better then I excepted as the children didnt argue with each other and wanted to speak to me one aft(prenominal) another instead of shouting and screaming. I thought I explained what to do well as the two girls that I choose to do this got on with the work straight away and didnt really need my help until the end with the writing of their names.The child who didnt want to do card making do me feel as if I was doing some thing wrong but he didnt arrive in ant activities that day. The children left their cards to dry and the next day we put them into envelopes and they took them home. I would like to carry it out again if possible as I enjoyed myself as I was helping and ceremonial them does it. If you were to carry out this activity then I would say have no more than then two children at a time that way you can give them almost your f ull assistance and this way the children tend not to want to talk over each other as on that point are only two of them sitting on a table.The children did learn how to do their names correctly even though DK got upset as he didnt want to write his even though I kept encouraging him to Stephanie Jewell 3rd January 2005 try. I think I should have spoke more about Christmas and how a time for giving and why we give out cards to people. I put down a mat on the table as the children was working with glue, and glitter what make a lot of mess in the hands of 3, 4 year olds.The children put on aprons to protect their raiment which was a good idea, they did make a lot of mess with the glitter pens and didnt know when to chit putting on to the card I had to keep telling them it was enough but they some clock didnt listen. The cutting of paper make mess around the table. But all of the mess made was easily cleared up within minutes and all the children had to do is wash their hands. I di dnt realise the children would take as long as they did to make the cards and even writing their name took longer then expected, I gave myself half and hour when I should have allowed an hour to do this affable of activity.When the children sit down they took a little while to get started. The planning I did for both the activities were assistive I did follow both the plans I think the planning is good to have but on the day it all depends on the children weather or not they want to do it or if they are going to muck about for you, the best part about the planning is to see if you can discern the learning intentions you set for the children and knowing what equipment ids needed before hand in case its any thing that they wouldnt have usually.

Powerade marketing Essay

SWOT ANALYSISStrengthWidely Distri al whizedLoyal CustomersDrink technology Helps Distinguish PoweradeAthletic EndorsementsStrong Brand Name PoweradeWeaknessesOn job marketplaceing and Presence of Powerade.Opportunities harvest-festival and Market Expansion. season and Drink Innovation.ThreatsPotential price wars could hurt the athletic wassail grocery store.Powerade is in fierce competition with Gatorade. immaterial analysisCompetition analysisThe important competitor of powerade is Gatorade. The combined trade sh be of all Gatorade intersection points is 84.7% of the sports intoxication in merchandise. These Gatorade proceedss include traditional Gatorade, Gatorade Frost, Gatorade Fierce, Gatorade X Factor Gatorade All Star, Gatorade Ice, Gatorade Extreme, and Gatorade Endurance Formula. The combined gross revenue for these Gatorade increases were $2.1 meg for the 52 weeks ending June 12, 2005. In this time period Gatorade has seen a 0.1% increase in its market sh be . Gatorade has sponsorship deals with the National football game League National Basketball Association, Major League Baseball, Major League Soccer.It also has a keen-sighted history, being the first sports confuse on the market when it was introduced in1965. More recently Gatorade has extended their product line to include Propel Fitness Water, which competes with Powerade option.Both Gatorade and Powerade come in a wide variety of flavors and the twain brand share comparable in price. Also, both are primarily sold in malleable bottles, however also offer a powder form. See Appendix A for a side-by-side likeness of the nutritional features of Powerade and Gatorade.Other competitors of powerade include all sport, Protein Ice and respective(a) other sports drunkennesss. These products only stumble up 1% of the market. Various bottled water brands pose competition to powerade Option. The bottled water industry was a $9.1 billion vaulting horse industry (domestic) in 2004 a substantially larger market than sports drinks.Client AnalysisThe sports drinks market has been expanding in recent classs. Ten years ago, sports drinks were typically consumed by serious athletes and body builders. The target market right off includes batch ranging in age from their teenage years to the 40s who have an interest in sports. Note that these people do not necessarily play sports regularly. There are three common occasions for inlet of sports drinks after sports activity, for breakfast, and on-the-go. As a result, companies are reducing their focus on sports in rove to throw these consumption patterns Sports drinks are generally viewed as a masculine product. The male to female ratio of the market is 4 to 1. Clearly males are targeted over females in this market, but data show that females also bribe the product regularly.ObjectivesIn recent years, powerade has lost revenue. Not be hit of fierce competition a impinge onst Gatorade in the sports drink industry, but against enhanced water products like Vitamin Water, Smartwater. So powerade would like to gain consumers focus by reinvigorating the brand and generating buzz. schemaReach to a keener extent(prenominal) customers by broadening its demographics from athletes to whatsoever active consumer.TacticRefreshing and contemporizing the brand by renaming and repackaging its drinks. So bottles are nowa twenty-four hour periods featuring a bigger size with the name powerade appearing almost in fine print. And powerade is embarking the boat of enhanced beverages.Strategies and PositioningIntroductionPowerade is an energetic drink made by the coca plant-Cola company. Its market is focused mainly in the sport world, because of the energy and mineral salts that it gives to proviso the expensed bingles during the exercise.Powerade entered the market in 1992. A market dominated mainly by Gatorade because of the lack of competitors in the market. As it is well known Coca-cola and Pepsi are ma in competitors in their market well Powerade anda Gatorade are their sport products respectively.Because of the lack of competitors in this market, and the total authorization of Gatorade, Coca-cola Co. Decided to enter de market although they were in clear disadvantage. The first year that Powerade was in the market, it made a good hit to Gatorade, at least 10% of the gross revenue, and this was because Pepsi Co was seeing Gatorade as a drink to have at home, just a beberage. Powerade entered as a sports man drink, thats why it commenced to troth in this market.With a red-hot competitor in the market, well, the only competitor in the market at the moment, and it wasnt no other that the worst enemy o Pepsi Co. , Coca-cola, the companay decided to commence a scrap in merchandise that still today is having place in our markets.Innovations and newfangled ProductsThe Gatorade commenced its passage of arms by project its product in every place relationed with the product, as gym s, football fields, etc. But it was Coke Co. The one who took the initiative in this place, by entering the market after convincing various figures of sport to kick upstairs Powerade.Pepsi got new ideas It had to get to a wider market an no only as a healthy drink that moms could give to their children. It decided to enter to a greater extent strongly in the sport market, then it effected a serial publication of products to improve in the sport, like energy bars, more energetic drink, even a gel, that Olympic sportsmen use. anyship canal it wasnt new to Coke Co these strategies and they had new ways of enter this market and fight for the prevail too.Powerade also got energy bars, or drinks, and even gels, like Gatorade did, but Coke Co had a new product to fight the competence Powerade zero, a drink with zero calories and zero sugars, made as a diet drink, so it entered no only the market of sport more deeply with this product it also opened a great market to whit no fat drinks And there are a lot of people that want to lose weight with few or no sport this drink definitively would be perfect for those users. Gatorade counter attacked making publicity and put forwarding that an energy drinks, needs calories to supply the ones that you sack during exercise. Coke co was ready for that, and they argued that what you sincerely needed during sport was just a drink to supply the mineral salts that you need, and with a good flavors they got the help of more or less science studies to support their argument, and it just made Powerade to gain more sales, and then steel them from Gatorade.But battle wasnt won yet, and Powerade knows that. So they commenced a marketing campaign with famous basket and football stars to publicities its product, also they launched new flavors. And in a battle that it seems that everyaffair its worthy, Coca Cola Co had just hired the ex-executive manager of science and sports of Gatorade. Obviously a great wake up to Pepsi Co and ev en more if Coke co hired him in the R+D department, what would make a great amount of sales for Powerade and lot less for Gatorade.And the impact was visible early. In 2010 Powerades sales raised to a 32% of the market in the third trimester, having in account that in 1990 the drink was launched at it got less than a 10%.Great hit to Gatorade, but it was owning the market yet. With more than 60% of the sales Gatorade is clearly the attracter, but more and more, year byyear, Powerade gets more buyers than Gatorade.ConclusionCoca-Cola co entered a market where it has clear disadvantage, sport world drinks, with Powerade, and they had no more than a 10% of the sales in the market that was clearly governed by Cokes main rival Pepsi Co and its Gatorade with at least 80% of the sales in the market of energy drinks.But Powerade had a great rising and they where ready to open at. After Powerade got the dominium of some great and famous athletes both competitors began a marketing battle by promoting their products in sport places. And Gatorade seeing the danger of this new competitor soon opened more strategies like new products. But Powerade strategies werent over yet and they launched new products to the market and opened a making it wider like the same products of even a diet drink.It is obvious that both companies have great marketing strategies, but in my opinion Powerade has the lead in that way, because year by year they are getting more sales and users from Gatorade. Not going too far, I began consuming Gatorade, but now a days when I do some sport, I use Powerade. Its benefits feel better than Gatorade ones.ProductPowerade is an isotonic beverage/sports drink fabricate by The Coca-Cola Company it was first introduced to the market in the year 1988 and later released nationally on the join States on the year 1992. Powerades primary competitor is Gatorade, which is manufactured by PepsiCos (Coca-Colas main competitor). By June 2007, Powerade reached a 13.4% of the market in its category, Gatorade being the leader of the market with an 84.2%. IngredientsPowerade is composed by water, high fructose corn syrup, salt, potassium citrate, phenylalanine, sucralose, sodium citrate, malic acid, potassium phosphate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B2.FlavorsThis product stands out by the numerous types of flavors it offers currently there are eight types of flavors Orange, Mountain Berry fool ( certainly Mountain Blast), Fruit Punch, Grape, lemon Lime, Sour Melon (originally Green Squall), White Cherry (originally Arctic Shatter), and strawberry Lemonade.Apart from this, there are six flavors of Powerade zero, the zero calorie version of the product, this are Mixed Berry, Grape, Lemon Lime, Orange, Fruit Punch and Strawberry.SponsorshipPowerade is the official sports drink of teams like Wallabies, newfound Zealands All Blacks, River Plate from Argentina, the Australian Football League, OHiggins F.C, Argentinas national football team, Mexicos nationa l football team, the PGA Tour, Nascar, and the United States Olympic team.Apart from this, Rogelio Funes Mori from River Plate, Lebron James from the Miami Heat, and Wayne Rooney from Manchester United, are the three main sportsman sponsored by Powerade.Product life history cycleThe Product life cycle consist of four stages starting from introduction stage, growth stage, maturity stage and decline stage. At the introduction stage, the product is not popular and hatfult really make a lot of profit. Its marketing cost may be high in dictate to test a market and set up a distribution channel. At the growth stage, the product start making a profit, the sales increase rapidly with some cost on marketing especially brand building. Competitors enter the market, often in large military issue depending on how attractive the market is. When a profit starts to decline, its the sign of Maturity stage.Powerade was originally elaborated for athletes. Originally it had to be reformulated beca use of its bad taste and because of ingredients problems. The new formula offered better nutritional values, and this led to Powerade being consumed as a common drink. Because of this, in its growth stage Powerade started releasing different types of drinks for athletes, with the objective of hydrating them. Powerade has tried to create more new productsthan Gatorade and the other competition, but this task is not easygoing since Gatorade products are more demanded.As sales decline, the firm has several options like fighting the product, possibly rejuvenating it by adding new features and finding new uses harvest the product reduce costs and continue to offer it, possibly to a loyal niche segment, or discontinuing the product. In Powerades case, it go forth continue offering its products, with the confident of continue growing and not to decline, and also ever-changing features, like a new bottle which projects a new and fresh image.Brand equityAs a Performance Partner of the All Blacks, Powerade has recorded some exceptional scores of late, having seen volume sales of its 750ml bottles grow by 22.9% in supermarkets across New Zealand since 2009, confirming its status as the countries number one selling sports drink. Ahead of the launch of its latest campaign, the challenge therefore facing Powerade was to grow its brand notwithstanding than the 80% market share that it currently already occupies.Equipped with the insight that Powerade was only being drunk on game days by consumers in New Zealand, the brand wanted to become an inviolate part of daily planning routines, and utilized its sponsorship of the rugby football team to achieve this through the launch of a multi-touch point campaign launched in late June that aimed to heighten anticipation ahead of the Rugby World cup in September. This was Powerades Black, which hit the supermarkets across New Zealand creating impact and patriotism among fans in what was a crucial year in the history of the nat ion from a Rugby perspective.Adding weight to the campaign was the launch of a TVC, Train Like Youre In The Game, that highlighted how the hard work on the training ground is replicated in a match situation, creating a direct link between high feat and the abilities of Powerade to facilitate this by hydrating the body.Online activation saw the launch of a Powerade New Zealand Facebook page, where training tips and behind the scenes footage of the New Zealand Rugby team could be accessed, providing an insight into the lives of elite athletes by posing the question to members of the New Zealand Rugby Team, what makes an All Black? The Powerade NZ website took this idea to a new level, featuring tips and advice from NZ Rugby strength and conditioning coach, Dr. Nic Gill, and provided a hydration ready reckoner tool that aggregated the amount of fluid lost from the body through sweat during exercise. In addition, various training drills were shared by Dr. Gill targeted at improving end urance, speed, performance and strength whilst details of the Powerade quarrel were also provided.In order for consumers to test their fitness levels against those of the All Blacks players, Powerade also launched the Powerade Challenge in July, creating a running course located on the Auckland waterfront integrated with RFID technology so that runners could track their times. Participants could register online to gain their free personalized Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) bracelet, which could be activated by placing it on peculiar Powerade vending machines located a various distances around the running route. All results were uploaded to the brands website.The integrated push from Powerade highlights the desire of the brand to cement its status as the number one selling sports drink in New Zealand, building equity in the process and showcasing its innovative technologies during the Rugby World Cup, a time where the sport (already massive in the country) is at the forefr ont of consumers minds.PRICEIn order to maunder about the Price, inside the Marketing Mix of POWERADE. To introduce this part of the presentation, what we can say is that Price as one of the elements that gives a real benefit to the company, needs to be studied, in order to know why companies put a determined price to the product. And, as we are going to see now, the price will vary, depending on the country its sold and the gross domestic product of the country.AMERICAIn the table above what we can see are the values of the POWERADE and GATORADE (its major competitor in the whole market of the energetic beverages) marriage America In Canada, price of Powerade is less than Gatorade, as it is usual referable to Powerade (normally) sells its product at a note price than its major competitor (Gatorade). In the USA, price of Powerade acts in the same way than Canada, lower price than Gatorade. In this case the GDP of Canada and USA is not a great factor, in order to evaluate the pri ce the product. Central America In Mexico, price of Powerade is frequently lower than in northmost America, but is a little greater in comparison with Gatorade. Here we can appreciate, that the GDP of Mexico is less, so price of both products is lower. South America In Brazil, we can see that price of Powerade is quite an bigger than in the USA, even with a lower GDP, in this case, the main originator could be that, Powerade demand is not so big, in order to decrease the price, or another reason, could be that, Gatorade has a greater Market Share. So, it could explain why the difference between both products is relatively big. In Argentina, we can see a greater difference between both products, and here, is clear that marketing strategy of Powerade, which is to offer same product, but a lower price, is done. Other thing that we can see about price, if we compare it with USA, its clear that Powerade is more expensive.EUROPEPOWERADE (500 ML)$ POWERADE$ GATORADE$GDPEUROPEUK1,331,42 35.500FRANCE2,082,5134.569GERMANY1,581,8337.900ITALY1,642,3431.264SPAIN1,221,4131.500Studying the price of Powerade in Europe, we can say that the variety of prices doesnt vary between countries. The main reason could be that European countries analyzed are inside the European Union, and the difference of prices doesnt vary between them. Only remark France, where the prices of Powerade (and Gatorade) are quite bigger than the rest, even comparing them with Germany, where the GDP is higher.ASIAPOWERADE (500 ML)$ POWERADE$ GATORADE$GDPASIACHINA1,261,68400JAPAN2,813,2535280SOUTH KOREA1,261,8933100In the rap above, we can appreciate that in Asia, the variation of GDP is very high, and wide, due to the wealthiness of the nations studied. The mainthing curious is that in Japan, the price of Powerade is quite high than in China or South Korea, the main reason, its because the wealth of Japan is high than the rest of the Asian countries. AFRICAPOWERADE (500 ML)$ POWERADE$ GATORADE$GDPAFRI CAMOROCCO0,91,1455252EGYPT0,951,126180SOUTH AFRICA1,0931,3510890Here in Africa, what we can appreciate is that the prices of Powerade (and Gatorade) dont vary with other developed countries. One thing remarkable is that Powerade costs more in South Africa than Morocco or Egypt, maybe because the GDP of this country is higher than the others compared.OCEANIAPOWERADE (500 ML)$ POWERADE$ GATORADE$GDPOCEANIAAUSTRALIA2,252,7940820NEW ZEALAND3,562,7629535Analyzing the prices in Oceania, we can appreciate that there is a big difference between the prices of this virtuous and the rest of the world. Bottles of 500 ml, of Powerade, are more expensive than in other countries outside Australia or New Zealand.One reason could be because of the distance between this countries and Asia,so, the production cost could be higher. Other reason could be because of the GDP, if we see, its high comparing it with the media of GDP, and between Australia and New Zealand the difference is clearly defined. In New Zealand is much more expensive to buy a bottle of Powerade than in Australia. BUT, if you buy a bottle of Gatorade is cheaper than a bottle of Powerade, this could because the demand of Gatorade is higher than Powerade, so the company decided to reduce its price, in order to maintain the consumption.Natural disasters in AustraliaNatural disasters are events that occur earthyly such as earthquakes, cyclones, Storms, and floods. These kinds of disasters can cause significant physical damage, interruption of trade services and personal injury/ damage of life.Due to the do of global warming and consequential climate change the rate of natural disasters in Australia is increasing day by day.I myself have faced such kind of natural disaster in Pakistan in the year 2012 which was a flood. So I can relate and describe how painful and how bad economically these disasters can be destroying each and everything coming in its way.There are two types of economic impacts due to natural di sasters1. Direct Economic impact.This includes lifelines such as water, sanitation system, gas, electricity, telecommunication and transportation which are vulnerable to all types of natural disasters which are included in public infrastructure and community facilities. Other than this business enterprise, households & residents are also part of direct impact.2. Indirect economic impact.Indirect economic impact includes mental disorder and clean up.These impacts are incurred due to consequence of the disaster.Australia has always been facing these kinds of disasters which made a huge loss for Australia and a lot of time and money was spent to bring Australia back in its kind of original form. If we go through the history of Australiawe can read that from the year 1967 till 1999 there have been 265 such disasters costing more than $10 one million million million dollars each. The total cost of most disasters is ranging from $10 to $50 million which is a huge amount. Among the entir e disasters, floods were most common and most costly. Floods have always been on number one causing destruction on a high level, contributing $10.4 billion or 29 percent to the total cost followed by Storms and Cyclones making 26 and 24 percent of the total cost. The bushfire crisis in Victoria is Australias worst-ever bushfire disaster. Its also Australias worst natural disaster in cx years which so far has claimed 131 lives.If we analyze the currently available data then we come up with a statement that total cost of natural disasters in Australia between the years 1967 and 1999 is almost $36.4 billion, which is easy to say and hard to believe. If we integrate deaths and injuries into this data then the total cost increases to $37.8 billion or approximately $85 per person compared to prices in 1999. This estimation brings to an average annual total cost of natural disasters to $1.14 billion since 1967 or $1.17 since 1980 and $1.51 billion prices are subjected to year 1999.An or ganisation called The Natural disaster Relief and Recover Arrangements (NDRRA) is an organization that provides Commonwealth and States which share costs in rebuilding the assets of states that are damaged by the natural disaster. By which the states are able to get a little part of the total cost from the Common wealth used in reconstructing state government assets.Every state in Australia has some self-insurance or some form of managed fund which helps in insuring states assets. It is recommended by many that the formula used under The Natural accident Relief and retrieval Arrangements should be changed to expenditure method before the State or Territory gets any insurance recovery.Natural disasters cause so much heavy burden on the economy of Australia that at some stage it becomes so hard for the government to deal with the outcomes of that disaster. There are many ways which can help the government getting over these disasters and make plans or organizations which can workon t hese disasters as these disasters are unavoidable part of Australia. Nothing much can be done at any rate what has always done on such events. Below are some ways that can help. scurvy interest concessional bestows should be given on large scale by the government to companies. Series of loan repayment should be increased to as maximum as possible. Flood premium discount should be given for existing homes but not for new homes. Every year some part of the swinish Domestic Product should be saved a side. Emergency relief attention and emergency re-establishment assistance should be increased. Provide a carrier that has good reputation in claiming service.1. Neil Gentle, Sharyn Kierce, Alistair Nitz, 2001 Economic cost of natural disaster in Australia Retrieved from https//www.google.com.au/ uniform resource locator?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CDAQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.em.gov.au%2FDocuments%2FEconomic_costs_of_natural_disasters_in_Australia.pdf&ei=XO17UdX2 FcaiigeT1oCYCQ&usg=AFQjCNE89LiWzBdi_zr3hvixQdXzkLYLBA&sig2=bVIuhvxRuq8ZUmgV1h7sYg&bvm=bv.45645796,d.dGI on 18th April 2013.2. Emergency Management Australia, 2002 Economic and Financial aspects of Disaster Recovery Retrieved from https//www.google.com.au/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CDUQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.em.gov.au%2FDocuments%2FManual28-EconomicandFinancialAspectsofDisasterRecovery.pdf&ei=XO17UdX2FcaiigeT1oCYCQ&usg=AFQjCNGgKyl9WZm6lEw4LUhncbrFlzf7zA&sig2=4zfhYHeYKdlqn4qrM5cFaA&bvm=bv.45645796,d.dGI on April 19, 2013.3. Bureau of Transport Economics Report 103, 2001 Economic costs of natural disasters in Australia Retrieved from http//www.bitre.gov.au/publications/2001/files/report_103.pdf on April 21, 2013.4. John Trowbridge, Jim Minto, John Berrill, September 2001 Natural disaster insurance review,