Development of Behavioural Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Improvement of Behavioral Finance - Essay Example This was trailed by Selden’s pivotal work on the stock trade where he endeavored to clarify people’s money related conduct in the stock trades (Selden, 1912). Further work on behavourial money proceeded through the endeavors of therapists, for example, Leon Festinger who presented the idea of intellectual cacophony (Festinger et al., 1956). The more present day drifts in behavourial money were set by Tversky and Kahneman who presented the accessibility heuristic that outlined the monetary likelihood of dynamic by an individual (Tversky and Kahneman, 1973). This thought was trailed by another normal utility hypothesis that investigated the first hypothesis. This new hypothesis outlined a distinct model of dynamic when confronted with dangers. The rising model was upheld as the possibility hypothesis (Kahneman and Tverksy, 1979). The possibility hypothesis introduced by Kahneman and Tversky has likewise been recommended as the option money related clarification for indivi duals settling on not exactly anticipated choices in a dangerous market circumstance. The sixties saw the use of subjective brain research to the handling of data by the mind. This remained as opposed to social models. The recently developing intellectual models were being contrasted with one another, for example, those introduced by Ward Edwards, Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky. This was expanded by the improvement of numerical brain research that started to interface up transivity of individual inclinations to various types of estimation scales (Luce, 2000). These advancements were expanded with the presentation of more up to date ideas, for example, pomposity that powers people to settle on silly decisions which lead to poor money related dynamic (Kahneman and Diener, 2003). The limited soundness projections in social account venture that people demonstration to expand fulfillment instead of utility through their money related dynamic despite the fact that it might prompt a misf ortune (Gigerenzer and Selten, 2002) (Tsang, 2008). Throughout the years, different sorts of mental characteristics like projection predisposition, presumptuousness, restricted consideration and so forth have been utilized in conduct account models. The area of between fleeting decision has additionally had different utilizations of social fund which will in general utilize different sorts of mental components to clarify essential models of sound decision. Dynamic Portfolio Management versus Passive Portfolio Management Fund administrators do dynamic portfolio the board with the goal that the portfolio ventures will in general beat a specific speculation benchmark record. Interestingly, support directors who are not hoping to beat any venture benchmark record attempt to put resources into reserves that recreate past weightings and returns. This method is marked as detached portfolio the board (Malkiel, 1996). Latent portfolio the executives is the most favored venture strategy on th e value showcase yet it is increasing more extensive acknowledgment in other speculation fields. The conflict behind latent administration is to diminish value-based expenses just as venture chances so that the investor’s yield increments. In the cutting edge economy it is basic for assets to be made do with the first store proprietors depending on subsidize administrators to take speculation choices. As indicated by Cuoco and Kaniel (2009), in 2004 the aggregate sum of oversaw shared assets surpassed $8 trillion, flexible investments totalled $1 billion and annuity reserves totalled more than $12 billion in the United States alone. It has likewise been

Resource Management Issues Customers Relations

Question: Depict about the Resource Management Issues for Customers Relations. Answer: (1)Description of Crew Resource Management Issues. CRM issues mostly incorporate the inner condition of the plane and response of team individuals to the deadly circumstances ahead. In Air France flight mishap, absence of co-appointment among both the pilots was the principle root that offered ascend to different elements of danger. Team additionally neglected to break down the separation required for arriving in spite of awful climate notice. Edge of the mistake was disregarded by group. Standard callouts were not trailed by pilots that brought about postponement while choosing push reversers. (Push reversers-A basic and successful approach to decrease the setting down separation of an airplane is to invert the heading of the fumes gas stream). Another defective choice by team was that position 1 push leaver was left best in class for over 3 seconds because of which auto-stopping mechanism was deactivated and slowing down impact couldn't be applied to control the speed. (2) Role of Crew Resource Management in mishap or evasion. In this deadly mishap, team asset the executives can't be straightforwardly accused however since all administration and control of the flight was in their grasp, by implication their job was pivotal and duty to be held. The activity of flying in overwhelming shower conditions was unseemly and ought to have been given qualm. The setting down of plane was excessively far down the runway and according to specialists, wet asphalts brought about speeding up so the dynamic was reason for interruptions. Departure shafts neglected to convey from two ways out and starter revealed proposed that team assets didn't engaged in the help. The greatest factor that play all ruling for group asset the board was that team individuals cleared the plane in 75 seconds and no misfortune to life was included. It was apparent. (3) Critical Analysis of CRM issues in the mishap. Following investigation puts light on the CRM issues in the mishap: Absence of co-appointment issues endured in light of the fact that correspondence between both the pilots was not as per the convention during danger circumstances .Criticality was time propriety. Pilots were prepared and experienced with landing count information and use of push reversers yet arrangement was deferred and further danger was welcomed. Criticality was utilizing right strategy to keep away from further issue. Group disregarded the detail of utilizing push switch and left it inert for additional perilous issue. Criticality was that leaving inactive of push leaver caused auto-brake disappointment. It made plane wild. (4) Describe the CRM abilities showed by the pilots that turned away catastrophe Plane was emptied in record 75 seconds and that really shown best time the board abilities during crisis circumstances. Meteorological forecasts gave to the team weren't right yet they were effective in landing however not all that safe yet proper that each life was spared. Crisis reaction was route early in light of convenient passed on notice messages by team asset the executives. (5) Describe the absence of CRM aptitudes not utilized by the group that prompted the mishap. The group ought to have known about the edge mistake and ought to have focused on METARs notice for tempests. Disregarding the standard callout by pilots turned into the prime explanation of the mishap. Not many pictures clicked by a traveler indicated that group was not dynamic at the time issue began and later when photographs were discharged for examinations, questions were raised on duty of the team.

Legislation Establishes Nevada Payday Loan Database - OppLoans

Legislation Establishes Nevada Payday Loan Database - OppLoans Legislation Establishes Nevada Payday Loan DatabaseInside Subprime:  May 13, 2019By Grace AustinNevada is tightening up its payday loan regulations with a new database that could better track data related to loans in the state and close current loopholes.With votes following party lines, the Nevada Senate passed a bill to create a statewide payday and high-interest loan database in April.The bill, SB201, was sponsored by Democrat Yvanna Cancela. It would allow the state’s Financial Institutions Division to contract with a private vendor to create that database.SB201 would check payday loan firm compliance with state laws and collect data like loan amounts, loan interest, how frequently a borrower takes out a specific loan, fees leveled on loans, and those borrowers with outstanding loans.The bill follows heated hearings in recent months over such a database, with payday loan industry representatives arguing that it’s overly burdensome and will put their companies out of busines s. Proponents of the bill, which included faith groups and consumer advocates, said it would help regulate an industry that has abusive practices.There are about 300 brick-and-mortar payday loan storefronts in Nevada operating under about 100 companies.The bill originated from a Financial Institutions Division audit in 2018 showing that payday loan lenders had poor consumer ratings. Cancela said in March that the database would be beneficial for the industry, allowing the state to regulate lenders in real time as opposed to annual checks by the state.Other states across the country have already passed legislation installing payday loan databases. The Nevada Independent reports at least 14 other states already have one, with charges between $0.43 to $1.24 per loan to operate the system.That fee is expected to be about $1 per loan to operate Nevada’s payday loan database. Lobbyists for the payday loan industry said that would raise interest rates tremendously.Similar bills had previ ously failed in the Nevada Legislature.Nevada legislators have also tried to pass bills capping interest rates to a consumer advocate-recognized 36 percent. Lawmakers recently killed such a bill; it remains to be seen if another one will be reintroduced in the future.Learn more about payday loans, scams, and cash advances, and check out our city and state financial guides, including Florida, Illinois, Nevada, Las Vegas,  Ohio,  Texas, and more.Visit  OppLoans  on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedIn

Comparing Modern Liberal Views On Animal Rights, And...

The abuse of Animals is increasing around the world, for personal and recreational uses. Animals are used in ancient and modern medicine to cure different types of illnesses and diseases. Animals are also being used for testing different types of hygiene products; which leave many of them are left scarred for life, while others are left to die in a cage. Animal rights groups around the world are working around the clock trying to stop this abuse, groups like People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), and Humane Society of the United States (HSUS). Are working around the clock to make sure such practices stop. This paper will demonstrate how modern liberals view animal rights, and how animals are viewed within society. Liberalism is a major ideology in the world. Liberalism is changing at a constant rate as it is adapting to new views as the world is changing. Furthermore, the goal of the Liberalism is to ensure that â€Å"Liberal ideology is a commitment to the individual a nd the desire to construct a society†¦ [Where] people can satisfy their interest and achieve fulfilment†¦ Liberals [also] believe that human beings are, first and foremost, individuals† (Heywood 24). Liberals want to create a society in which people can achieve their goals, and where there are free to do what they please. That all individuals have the right to shape their future, and that each individual should have equal rights in both legal and political matters. 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Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic

Same Sex Marriage And The State Of Michigan - 852 Words

In March of 2014 same sex marriage became legal; this was short lived as appeals were filed, which blocked any marriages from happening. 323 couples were able to be wed before the hold was placed, but the state of Michigan refused to recognize them, even though the marriages were done legally. Can you imagine what it would be like to have gotten married, but still not considered married by the state that you call home? As of January fifteenth, 2015, these marriages are finally ruled as valid. In the article â€Å"Judge: Michigan must recognize 323 same-sex marriages† by Oralandar Brand-Williams and Robert Snell, it talks about the ruling that same sex marriages in the state of Michigan must be recognized because they took place while it was legal to be married as a same sex couple. Brand-Williams and Snell go on to say that April Deboer and Jayne Rowse filed a lawsuit against the state of Michigan’s ban of same sex marriages on January twenty-third, 2012, in hopes that they could get married and adopt each other’s children. In addition the article says that on March twenty-first, 2014, Judge Bernard Friedman ruled that the ban was unconstitutional; consequently, 323 same sex couples were able to obtain a marriage license and get married before any appeals put a seize on the law. It adds that after the appeals were filed, Governor Rick Snyder decided that even though the marriages were legal, the couple were not to have the benefits that a typical married couple would have accessShow MoreRelatedHistorically When You Looked Up The Definition Of Marriage1017 Words   |  5 PagesHistorically when you looked up the definition of marriage in the dictionary, it defined marriage as a union between a man and a woman. According to cbn.com, Merriam-Webster changed its definition of marriage in 2003. The revised version now defines marriage as the state of being married as spouses in a consensual and contractual relationship recognized by law. Curren tly, in 2017 more sources have also made revisions to redefine marriage. They are now defining marriage as being between two people instead ofRead MoreMarriage Rights For Gay People967 Words   |  4 Pages After considering the following topics to research, I decided to narrow my research to marriage rights for gay people. I remember the day it happened when marriage became legal for gay people because it was a sigh of relief, and it was about time that gay people were allowed to marry in the United States regardless of the state they were in. My step brother whom I am very close with is gay, so I do not know if that is the real reason why I feel so strongly and passionate about gay rights, such asRead MoreThe Legalization of Same Sex Marriage 1623 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States has been constructed around the ideas of sovereignty and free will. There were many movements that have taken place in history that have made this country’s policy on freedom so unique; unique in how the citizens value their morals. An every day American would think that being with the same sex is not normal, or is frowned upon. Recent studies show that half of all Americans believe that gay men and lesbians have a constitutional right to marry (Craighill). Same-sex marriage has causedRead MoreThe Amendment Of Same Sex Marriage1441 Words   |  6 Pagestold the states that it is unconstitutional to not allow same sex couples to marry or have a marriage license. The Fourteenth Amendment talks about the right for Due Process. 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Women not being allowed to vote, blacks being segregated, and Japanese-AmericansRead More Separation of Church and State is Necessary for Freedom of Choice855 Words   |  4 PagesSeparation of Church and State is Necessary for Freedom of Choice We in America have the right to be free, so why not listen to the words of Thomas Jefferson and build a â€Å"wall of separation between church and state?†Ã‚   The wall of separation was Jefferson’s interpretation of the first amendment; however, the idea was actually founder of Rhode Island Roger Williams’.   Jefferson’s belief was that religion was a personal relationship strictly between a man and his God and the government should notRead MoreThe Debate Over Same Sex Marriage1682 Words   |  7 PagesThe largely debated topic of same-sex relationships have been on the forefront of all U.S. citizen’s minds, including and more specifically of those in the branches of legislature. 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Sociological Perspectives Of Abnormal Psychology - 2700 Words

Abnormal Psychology Historical Perspectives of abnormal Psychology Introduction Abnormal psychology is the area of psychology that studies unusual patterns of behaviours people who are abnormal or atypical compared to the members of a given society. Its applications clinically mainly centralise on definitions, classification, explanations and provision of clinically logical treatment for the different illnesses that categorise within the abnormal behaviour groups (Damour and Hansell 2008). Though it considered a young science, abnormal psychology has evolved to outline, according to (Damour and Hansell 2008) there are six fundamental concepts that offer analysts with a definition that is relatively more accurate for the study: The continuum between normal and abnormal behaviour. Cultural and historical relativism in defining and classifying abnormality, the advantages and limitations of diagnosis, the principle of mutual causality, the connection between time and body. Modern-day theorists understanding of abnormal psychology needs consideration of the theoretic al model, origins and evolution related to abnormal behaviour. One main challenge in the study of abnormal psychology origins and continuation is the description of what abnormal behaviour is and what it is not. Although behaviour can be an outcome of several influences like social views and cultural differences specialists must take in to account these differences, and look past individual behaviour (Feist andShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Body Types, And The Y Chromosome Theory1194 Words   |  5 PagesStephanie Spars SOC 100 - Introduction to Sociology March 26, 2016 Deviance Many different theories exist regarding deviance. Biological, psychological, and sociological perspectives have applied their different thought processes to produce many theories. Some of these ideas have been discredited, however some remain significant today. Sociological theories differ from biological and psychological theories by looking at external factors rather than internal ones. Biological theories on deviance areRead MoreSociological Theory Of Labelization967 Words   |  4 PagesMaya Angelou once said, â€Å"people often put labels on people so they don’t have to deal with the physical fact of those people.† Angelou was addressing the actuality that labels are placed on individuals daily; these labels have an effect on self-perspective. The labeling theory was built on deviant behaviors; consequently, certain individuals are labeled for their behavior. The labeling theory occurs in everyday life through the act of labelization. This topic can be defined when labels are placedRead MoreAccording To Erchul Martens (2012), The Earliest Consultation1202 Words   |  5 Pagesand his team traveled to the clinics and met with the individuals and their caretaker, which later became known as â€Å"consultees.† During these meetings, supportive, collegial discussion with the caretaker helped these caretakers to have different perspective that lead to how they effectively dealt with their consultees’ problem behaviors. This practiced was initially known as â€Å"counseling health consultation,† but was later renamed â€Å"mental health consultation,† to reflect the ultimate professional concernRead MoreInsight Into Criminal Behavior Essay1735 Words   |  7 Pagesa better understanding of crime. Influential factors that influence criminal behaviors are psychological, sociological, and biological. How do we help rehabilitate criminals? Each approach agrees on a criminal’s devotion to aggressive behavior, but they differ in their conclusions. Psychological involves personality, addressing certain felt needs, and defective mental processes. Sociological deals with cause and control of criminality. The social structures, cultural values, peer groups, and familyRead MoreThe Article On Women And Psychiatry On The Science Museum Website912 Words   |  4 Pagesterms with the social expectations o f a Victorian woman. Furthermore, we infer that society was conscious of the behaviours of women and anything that crossed the guidelines of their social norms was considered to be ‘insane’. Women who displayed ‘abnormal’ behaviour were admitted to an asylum, ironically at their father or husband’s request suggesting that male dominance was considered to be very important. We are then introduced to a type of treatment found by an asylum director William Tuke calledRead MoreCareer Investigation Into Psychology901 Words   |  4 PagesCAREER INVESTIGATION Title: A career investigation into Psychology. Description of Career: Psychologists study the way people think and act. They look at all behaviour and the thoughts and feelings that make us act the way we do. They use their understanding to help people with difficulties to change their lives for the better. Skills and Qualities: I feel Psychologists should be committed to helping people transform their lives in a positive way. They should be caring, extremelyRead MoreThe Ever-Changing Deviant Society Essay1499 Words   |  6 Pagesthey are labeled as deviant. Some people are more deviant than others and some can be so deviant on a regular basis that even this has been viewed as a norm. Through research I have found that some people question the validity of the deviance perspective. These questioners have tried to reason the necessity for such a label as deviance and are skeptical about it even having a significant function to society and the study of society, respectively sociology. â€Å"†¦[D]iscussions†¦debate on whether orRead MoreAltering Perspectives And Their Underlying Research Methods1557 Words   |  7 PagesAltering Perspectives Their Underlying Research Methods In Relation To Sporting Injuries It is my aim within this essay to examine the implications and relative sporting issue relating to injury and rehabilitation. Both injury and rehabilitation go hand in hand, as a consequence those studying in the field of physiology, sociology and psychology have different approaches, research methods and coping strategies they portray onto the athlete to resolve said issue. It is important from an investigativeRead MoreErving Goffmans Work Stigma1441 Words   |  6 PagesSocial psychology and the concept of stigma were greatly influenced by Erving Goffman’s (1963) work Stigma. This pivotal project delineates the varying types of stigmatizing characteristics that arise in various social settings, and the sanctions those individuals receive as a result from deviating from what is considered â€Å"normal.† Through analyzation of the narratives and experiences of â€Å"blemished† individuals, Goffman builds theory on stigmatized identities. He also maps the construction of theRead MorePsy Chological And Social Factors1698 Words   |  7 PagesAssociation (2017), Schizophrenia is the most commonly diagnosed psychosis. It is characterised in the Diagnostic Manual of Mental Dis-orders (DSM-5) by abnormalities in terms of the following symptoms: †¢ . Schizophrenia from different theoretical perspectives Biological Epidemiological studies show it is not hereditary in all of the cases. However, it is widely accepted that schizophrenia is ge-netically passed on from parent to child. Kendler et.al. (1993) found people with schizophrenic with parents

Sequences of Development free essay sample

The explanation of the sequence and rate of aspect of development from birth to 19 years. Ans. Following the timeline given the below illustrates these sequence of development from birth : 0-6 months – At this stage, the baby has just come out of the womb. There is a huge reliance on the environment and the mother for the survival of the baby. The baby is learning aspects of movement and coordination. He/she is grasping more awareness of surroundings. Food and warmth is exclusively supplied by the mother. 6-9months – The awareness of him/her to the environment becomes sharper. The muscle coordination and movements of the baby become more definite. The baby becomes more â€Å"free† with the environment and interactive. At this stage the young tot can crawl and sit up confidently. 9-12 months – Judging by the baby’s growth, (physically and mentally), It can be said that he/she is moving into the â€Å"toddlers stage†. Here he/she is taking some steps gradually. This stage is quite important in infancy as the muscular development is getting quite advanced. The child is aware of other children around him/her and is interacting with them. 2-24 Months – A lot of more definite changes are happening in the child’s life at this stage. He/She is moving into a greater deal of psychological development. Also, the mental development at this stage is getting quite advanced. The child is learning how to be more reliant on his/her own judgements and interestingly, a lot of changes in behavior can be seen at this stage. The child is much more aware about the environment and can choose options on what to play with, how to play e. t. c. He/she becomes more responsive to education as the brain is much more advanced at this stage and actually â€Å" is eager to learn educational stuff†. The stage is vital in getting a child educationally involved as he/she is â€Å"ready to take on† so to say. 2-3 Years A behavioural pattern emerges here. The child suddenly starts to become a bit resolute and wants to have his/her own way. There is a certain amount of self dependency that is seen here and not seen in earlier stages. It might give his/her parents a fright and they can start to think if there is something wrong with the child. The brain is getting much more developed and the child is eager to learn. There are definite physical changes as well. The body becomes less susceptible to easy injury as the child’s skin toughens. He/she also becomes more immune to infection. 3-5 Years – The child is thinking like a â€Å"mini adult†. There is more confidence in speech. More assertion in expressing self. The child is looking more at the â€Å"behavioural pattern† of his/her parents and other people he/she is in care with. This is one of the most if not, the most important stages in the childs growth pattern as this is where the â€Å" Character forming† element can begin and will definitely form the rest of the child’s life. The main concentration on children at this stage must definitely be a form of positive character development and essence on positive thinking and acting. The child will grown from this stage into more adult ways of thinking and positive self reliance will result. For instance, some children may start to learn how cook and feed themselves even at this stage!! As the physical out look of the child takes on a more mature form, the child’s identity starts to express itself and in a psychological and social sense, the child takes on his/her awareness of self. 5-8 years The child is taking on more responsibility and is seeing him or her self as â€Å"part of the world â€Å" so to speak. The environment takes on a different dimension with him or her and a lot more emphasis is given to friendships and what they mean. The behavioural pattern in the child at this stage is formed for life. The child is having his or her own identity and is willing to share it with the world. An opinion of things start to take form in his or her own mind and as a consequence, certain forms of behaviour emege. It is important to note that at this stage of the child’s development, he or she is directly influenced by what mum or dad says and can be heavily affected by what is said to him or her. This is the stage where abuse can be much more destructive. As he or she may form opinions and be influenced by them easily, life’s truths and hardships will need to be passed down in a very â€Å"gentle† manner to him or her so there is understanding that these steps are taken for the child’s own good. 9-11 Years – The difference between boys and girls between them individually and to each other start to appear sharper and more permanent. The girl child sees herself as more expressive, will start to â€Å"grow â€Å" (in clear psychological and social terms) more and be more assertive. Despite this show of bravado, there is still a huge reliance on adults especially the parent or guardian. The males in their own case , will take strength from being in packs and express themselves more openly. There is a clear segregation of the different sexes at this stage and probably for the first time, a clear distinction between the physical characteristics of each other start to appear to the male/female child and an hints of an attraction start to emerge although initially very very subtly. Despite all this, the child is still very very dependent on his/her mother indeed. 1-19 Years – These years are more environment dictated to the child’s development than ever before. As the child starts to see more of what adults do (especially in the mid teenage years), he or she copies and will start to act it out. For instance, a boy may start to take interest in adult discussions more than before and will be spending time asking dad and mum certain questions. It is essen tial that parents and guardians spend much more time with their teenage children in understanding†them. This has been a very important aspect that has been lacking in parent/children relationships over the years. As this child in this case grows up into ages 14,15, 16, there is a natural â€Å" I wan to know all† syndrome. The support of the parent in understanding the psyche of their children will greatly influence and help them in the child’s journey to becoming an adult. As this is a very important aspect of his/her life, every support must be given from other adults to let this teenager know that life isn’t that challenging as an adult and welcome him of her into this final stage of development in life as one of them with mistakes to learn from and life to live in. Difference in the â€Å"sequence and the rate of development† The sequence in development in a child show the journey through each stage of development in a child and how this child moves through them. The rate of development highlights the progressive time span the child develops from childhood into teenage years. †¢ An explanation of how children and young people’s development is influe nced by {a} A range of external factors : 1, Socioeconomics – The wealth status of a child’s parents and economic environment will inevitably reflect on the child’s development. Children do depend on food, water, warmth and a suitable environment to move about freely. In some countries in the world, this basic requirement is a tall order and inevitably, the level of development in these kids is adversely affected. The access to quality education could also be impeded hence affecting a child’s intellectual, mental progress in life 2, Nutrition – nothing needs be said much about this factor as it is impossible to child to grow as he or she should without adequate food and water. This is key as food and water do have the biggest role to play at this stage of a child’s life. This is not just about three square meals a day but also a balanced diet which will include Proteins, carbohydrates, mineral salts and vitamins. 3, Family and Society – The major psychological development in a child’s life is fed through his or her family (in this context the father, mother, brothers and sisters and cousins external family). As we learn certain ways of life and conduct from our family members, a child will inevitably, pick up certain forms of habits and behaviour which may or may not be socially favoured. The set of friends a child mixes with can also influence the way he or she sees things hence influences the level of development in his or her psyche. 4, Physical Environment – The environment has a part to pay in physical development and otherwise in a child as there are different elements that makes up an environment for a child. E. g some environments such as war zones may not be the best place to bring up a young child.. There have been very strong images of children in Sierra Leone carrying guns and shooting people at a very tender age. Also, it was reported that a lot of children died in Japan following the second world war due to heavy radiation from the atomic bomb . It is not difficult to see why it is said that a child is the product of his/her environment. (b) A range of personal factors 1, Pregnancy stage : If the child while in the womb has been dosed with cocktails and cocktails of drugs, this will in effect, affect the child long term. The child could develop problems with breathing or even more permanent damage to the blood or other organs in the body. This is found quite common in developed nations especially in the west e. g here in the UK. This will be a debilitating situation to the child in their later life. 2, Health – Health problems can be genetic or caused by environmental factors. If the environment a child is raised up is not conducive, the child can be adversely affected by suffering from different diseases such as Cholera, Measles, Polio and so on. In over crowded and poorly ventilated areas, airborne diseases such as asthma, tuberculosis may spread and affect children more easily. , Physical Disabilities – This applies especially in cases of mental disability e. g downs syndrome, degenerative mascular dystrophy and these can restrict a child from exercising their God given abilities to do certain things and carry out certain tasks. This can also be seen in physically disabled children as they are not able to run and perform certain physical tasks. Their development as individuals is severely affected. â € ¢ How Current Practice is influenced by A) Theories of development There are many theories in which the most important influential factors ffecting the growth of children and young ones are based. For simplicity, they can be put into three broad areas which cover what the earlier child behavioural psychologists and sociologists based their conclusions. In terms of children’s educational needs ( on which this question is based on), there are three main areas to consider : 1, Maturationist Theory : This theory is based on the work carried out by Arnold Gessell. He advocated that the development occurs due to biological factors in predictable, sequential stages over time (Hunt 1969). The general belief by child education specialists is that children will learn automatically and naturally as they grow older (Farquhar and Stein,1993). With this theory comes the preparation of children at certain times for basic education. If a child can recite the alphabet, then they are with time and patience by the parents and guardians due for Schol. It is a very stage related progress. Being ready for nursery school, will be a stage when they can perform well in Arithmetic (sums) and can also display a good grasp of basic word spelling. In the current time, this is a method used or applied by schools for children when they seem to be lagging behind on the average level of learning. (2) Environmentalist Theory : With the environmental influence as stated earlier playing a significant part in the overall growth and development of a child, the educational side is revealed by John Watson and B. F Skinner for example, as a contributory factor. The idea is that children learn a lot from their environment and surroundings and as a result, can pick up â€Å"inspiration† in learning from how they can correlate what they learn with what goes on around them. An example of this is when the child can respond to what is on going in the class room that child has been placed. Learning qualification so to speak is based on what the child can see happening around him or her rather than an actual educational assessment. An example of this is the assessment given to children back in Africa in the 1960/70’s. In order to qualify for Primary School education, the child is asked to place his arm over his head in order to see if the hand can reach the ear lobe on the other side of the head. If the ear lobe is reachable, the child is accepted wether in the real sense of the word of assessment he is qualified or not. Children that suffer from slower learning under this theory are brought to be encouraged to use the environment around them as a teaching tool. (3) Constructivist Theory : The theory relates to the idea that children pick up learning attributes for development faster by interacting with friends and family In other words, the rate of learning is faster if the child can see close family as mum and dad as well as close friends around him or her while study. Theorists such as Jean Piaget and Maria Montessori conclude that the children actually â€Å"initiate† the whole learning process. An example can be seen when a toddler suddenly picks up a plastic bowl toy from the ground and places the lid on top. Parents can encourage their children in story telling activities at home and other activities that encourage reading out letters and counting. In the event of difficulty in learning, the child is given more close assessment and detailed teaching guides are put in place to give the young tot some more rigorous level of coaching.