A Landmark Supreme Court Case - 856 Words

A landmark Supreme Court case is one in which a precedence is set and there is an impact on society. There are many reasons for the importance of landmark cases and the studying of such cases. Some of these reasons are to study how the judicial branch works, try to understand how decisions made in the judicial branch affects laws and everyday life, and predict how current issues and cases will be affected by past decisions (The Judicial Learning Center, 2012). There are many examples of Supreme Court cases that are considered to be a landmark, but one example is Texas vs. Johnson. Outside of the 1984 Republican National Convention in Dallas, Texas, many people protested President Ronald Reagan’s policies. Among the protestors was one man named Gregory Lee Johnson. This man was so upset by the policies of the President that he burned an American flag in protest. By doing this, a statute in Texas was violated. This statute prevented the desecration of an American flag if it could possibly anger other people amongst the protest. Johnson was arrested and charged with this violation. He was later tried in court and convicted, but he made an appeal stating that by burning the flag he was expressing his rights of â€Å"symbolic speech† which are protected by the first amendment (uscourts.gov). The definition of symbolic speech is the same as a term called â€Å"speech plus†. This is a form of expression in which behavior is used by itself or in coordination with written or spokenShow MoreRelatedLandmark Supreme Court Cases Project Essay1293 Words   |  6 PagesLandmark Supreme Court Cases Project Part I Judicial Activism- When judges deny legislators or the executive the power to do something unconstitutional. Judicial Restraint- A legal term that describes a type of judicial interpretation that emphasizes the limited nature of the courts power. Judicial restraint asks judges to base their judicial decisions solely on the concept of stare decisis. Precedent- A legal decision or form of proceeding serving as an authoritative rule or pattern in futureRead MoreCase Study : Gideon V. Wainwright1359 Words   |  6 PagesLandmark U.S. Supreme Court Case Study Name of Case: ____Gideon v. Wainwright_________ Year: ___1963____ 1. What is the essential question of this case? Did the state courts failure to appoint a lawyer for Gideon violate his right to a fair trial and due process of law as protected by the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments? 2. Using the evidence you found during your reading, summarize the background of this case in three complete sentences. A witness saw Clarence Earl Gideon break into Bay HarborRead MoreV. Ohio : Illegal Search And Seizure1144 Words   |  5 PagesSearch and Seizure Sara Webster Liberty High Liberty High School 4A Mapp v. Ohio was a historical case in which the United States Supreme Court declared that all evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment, could not be held against you in court (Landmark Cases of the U.S. Supreme Court, 2015). The exclusionary rule and selective incorporation were applied to this case. The ?exclusionary rule? which prevents the government from using most evidence gathered in violation of theRead MoreCase Study: Tinker vs. Des Moines795 Words   |  3 PagesCase Study: Tinker v. Des Moines The Vietnam War was, and still is, a highly controversial subject within American history and politics. Thousands of Americans took to the streets to show their discontent for the nations actions abroad. It was during this time that Tinker v. Des Moines took place, forever changing the way the nation viewed free speech. The case of Tinker v. Des Moines revolved around Americans discontent for the actions the country was taking overseas in Vietnam. In 1965Read MoreLoving vs. The Commonwealth of Virginia: Significance in Marriage Law1174 Words   |  5 PagesLoving v. Virginia Significance in Marriage Law A case is said to be landmark when it produces a precedent that is regarded as law by jurists during other cases. These cases are seen as such, generally, because they change the direction of the people making the laws and sitting on the courts, and forge a new path for justice which is more often than not seen as a perfection of the law. One such case occurred in Loving v. The Commonwealth of Virginia in 1967. The original complaint was made inRead MoreBrown V Board Of Education1386 Words   |  6 PagesLandmark Supreme Court Cases ï  ¬ Brown v Board of Education (1954) ïÆ'Ëœ The Background: In the 1950’s, schools were separated by race. Linda Brown and her sister had to walk down a dangerous railroad switchyard to get to the bus stop to their all-black elementary school. There was an all-white school closer to the Brown’s house, and the Brown family believed that segregated schools violated the Constitution. ïÆ'Ëœ The Constitutional Issue: This issue violated the Equal Protection Clause of the FourteenthRead MoreMapp Vs. Ohio State1291 Words   |  6 PagesMapp vs. Ohio State(1961) Background: In the Mapp vs Ohio state court case, the issue disputed was when the appellant Dollree Mapp was convicted of possessing â€Å"obscene† materials after an illegal police search of her home for a fugitive. During the year of 1961, Ohio police were looking for a criminal accused of a bombing and had been told that he was hiding in Dollree Mapp s house. Police acted quickly and came to her house but when she didn t answer the door, police officers forced themselvesRead MoreEssay on Judicial Review980 Words   |  4 PagesConstitution. Judicial review gives the court the power to review and change laws and government acts that violate the Constitution (Huq, n.d.). Allowing the court system this power helps prevent government officials from using the Constitution to illegally use their position in making laws and regulations in the United States. The judicial review was first used in an unusual way and under unusual circumstances. The most important case in Supreme Court History was in 1803 with Marbury v. Madison;Read MoreHazelwood vs. Kuhlmeier, An essay.1047 Words   |  4 Pages Should a school be able to censor their students? This question has reached the supreme court multiple times, such as in this case, or in Tinker vs. Des Moines. While restricting a freedom may be annoying, it can be necessary, but when is it dictatorship, and when is it necessary? That is what is questioned in this court case. The U.S. Supreme Court had a difficult decision in the court case of Hazelwood vs. Kuhlmeier, and they were right in their ruling, because even though censorship is oftenRead MoreThe Landmark Case Of Griswold V. Connecticut Served As A Precedent For Following Landmark Cases Regarding Privacy893 Words   |  4 PagesThe landmark case of Griswold v. Connecticut served as a precedent for following landmark cases regarding privacy. First I will like to discuss the effect this decision made on an organization. It is important, because this organization is a large vehicle to the effort of birth control. Planned Parenthood, is an organization which offer its services to help family control pregnancies, counsels young woman on abortion, and it s a lead voice in protection of the body of the female over the offspring

Veronica Kronvall Remembers How Excited She Felt About

Veronica Kronvall remembers how excited she felt about buying her house in 2007. It was her first house, in the small city of Ponder, Texas. Her kitchen was filled with her favorite color, purple, everything from mixing bowls to the microwave. She planted roses and planned on having a garden. She planned at living in this house for decades. What Veronica did not imagine was that 4 years later and energy company would drill 5 wells behind her home, with the closest being less than 300 feet from her backyard. Green pipes and tanks loom over her fence. The rumble of trucks and equipment rattled the glasses in her cupboard, and the smell of an acrid blend of chemicals was constant. She began having symptoms she had never had before, her eyes†¦show more content†¦Once the well reaches the right depth, it turns right or left and becomes horizontal. This is called the kick off point. The horizontal section can span anywhere from 1,000 to 6,000 feet. The drill is removed but the sur rounding steel casing remains. These steel casings are meant to protect the groundwater and the surrounding area from any potential leakage during the fracking process. Down at the horizontal section of the well, little holes are punctured through the steel in thousands of spots. Then, a water solution is pumped at a extremely high pressure down the well. This causes tons of cracks and fissures in the rock. Additives and sand in the water mixture hold the cracks open, allowing oil to escape and be brought up to the surface. Hydraulic fracking isn t all good though, there are many controversial things about it. First off, water contamination is a hazard. There are many ways that the water supply could be contaminated by fracking. One way is by groundwater entering through cracks that fracking has made. The water solution that s pumped into the ground is a mixture of water, sand, and chemicals. Water and sand make up 98% of the mixture, while the remaining 2% is chemicals. Although fracking companies have never realised the chemicals used, scientists studying wastewater have found many harmful additives. A few of these are benzene, toluene, and many acids, all of which pose huge threats to humans. For each fracking well, more than 8 million liters of

Bioethics for Medical Nutrition and Hydration - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theBioethics for Medical Nutrition and Hydration. Answer: Medical nutrition and Hydration is the intervention that is developed by medical research and practice to meet the nutrition and the water needs of the patient. Withholding or withdrawing of this intervention may lead to dying of the patient due to malnutrition and dehydration (1). Medical nutrition and Hydration is given to patients in various clinical situations such as difficulty swallowing or feeding themselves, if the patient is unconscious or is permanently unresponsive or in case of advance life threatening illness or if the patient is dying (2).The essay deals with the argument that Medical nutrition and Hydration is routinely provided to the patients, including those with the post-comma unresponsiveness. In response to the argument the essay aims to critically assess the arguments for and against the withdrawal of Medical Nutrition and Hydration or MNH. Medical nutrition and Hydration is thus provided to the patient in ways other than by mouth. In patients who have lost excess fluids from the body and cannot be feeded orally there are 2 ways to replace the fluids. In such patients, fluid can be put right into a vein also called as intravenous fluid replacement. The fluid can be injected under the skin which is also called as subcutaneous fluid replacement and hypodermoclysis. In some cases a nasogastric tube is put through nose, down the throat and into the stomach (3). There are several problems associated with the MNH. During hypodermoclysis, the speed of the drip changes, the site of the insertion of needle will swell and turn painful and sometimes the blood is collected in the tube, and high risk of infection (4). These are the minor complications which are avoided due to larger benefits of MNH. For instance a person with the advanced life threatening illness may swallow the water and the nutrition needs. If this form of treatme nt is withdrawn then the patient may fall in deep sleep or comma and usually die within 3 weeks. The health care team undergo ethical and legal dilemma when making decision related to giving of the MNH (2). In many cases the people deny this treatment as it is not a medical care (1). There are negative implications associated with the withdrawal of MNH. (5) argued that the withdrawal of this form of care is dictated by the denial of unreasonable obstinacy enshrined in law and is justified by the health complications associated with the withdrawal. In various countries the reluctance in withdrawal of this treatment is due to symbolic value attached with the food and nutrition. If the hydration system is withdrawn then the patient may die badly while suffering from hunger and thirst. Fear of such implication is other factor that hinders the withdrawal of the treatment (6). Further, there is a difficult distinction between the medical act and the euthanasia which is the cause of reluctance in making such decision (7). However, such reluctance can be overcome by ensuring flawless accompaniment, appropriate comfort care and associating sedation with clear justification not only to the caregivers but also to the family members. The rationale and the implication of this type of decision should be made clear by the health care team (8). The patients undergo serious burden of pain and suffering, financial expenditure, high risk of injury and mortality. MNH is provided to the patient even during post comma unresponsiveness. However, withdrawal of treatment in such scenario is mostly demanded by the family members. It is perceived by the family member that MNH does not ensure improvement in the health related quality of life. It is perceived by the family members of the patient in comma that MNH offers no reasonable expectation of maintaining of improving health (6). MNH in case of patients in persistent vegetative state is questionable. MNH is considered morally optional in this case. It can be argued that the treatment in these patients will continue indefinitely as the patient will be permanently unconscious. It is considered waste of health care resources to prolong the life of such patients as nothing can help of harm the patient (8). This prolonged treatment makes people believe that dying is better than MNH. Therefore, withdrawal of MNH in such circumstances is considered justified and is morally requested to be removed by the patients family members. The medical ethicists are concerned about the peoples rights in case of patients in minimally conscious state and permanent vegetative state. They must consider the empirical data pertaining to this situation before applying ethical theories to medico-legal realities. Even in cases where the patient is not in the vegetative state withdrawal of MNH is preferred. According to (2) patients with stroke have severe difficulty in swallowing food and they also have altered state of consciousness. Therefore, they need artificial nutrition and hydration. By law it is a treatment and not considered as basic care. Therefore, it is mandatory for the person to receive this form of treatment else it may lead to risk of severe disabilityand very poor quality of life. In catholic communities the MNH is considered a moral obligation particularly in case of patients with the permanent unresponsiveness where the patient is neurologically incapable of feeding themselves (9). Most people feel guilty of denying nutritional substance to others when they themselves are having it. The decision of withdrawal is criticised by many researchers in this area. In most cases the criticism is the outcome of suspected intentions. In some cases the withdrawal may be requested by the family member with the intention to kill (10). It may also be requested if the family members are overburdened with the treatment cost (11). On the other hand some people perceive that it is unreasonable for the person in persistent vegetative state to be alive in undignified condition. Rather the family members believe that it is reasonable to relieve them of the burden of living (9, 10 ad 11). These suspected intentions cause decision-making by the health care professionals a very difficult process. According to (12) people prefer withdrawal of MNH even if the patient is not permanently unresponsive. In some countries the withdrawal is considered to be justified for instances England and Waless particularly in case of permanent vegetative state of patients. The withdrawal is in patients best interest and is based on judicial approval to reassure the patients families (13). In case of patients with terminal illness people perceive that MNH offers no reasonable expectation. Instead people prefer procedures that can improve the heath without creating serious burden on the patient or on the family care givers (10). If there is limited life expectancy of the person then it is justified to withdraw MNH (11). It can be morally requested to withhold MNH if the patient is unable to handle the pain and suffering associated with the artificial hydration system. However, the burden cannot be determined by the care givers or the health care professionals. It can only be determined by the pat ient followed which the health care professionals and the law can be obliged to approve withdrawal. It was argued by (12) that even if the patient is not terminally ill MNH should be morally optional considering the extreme distress caused to the person. Such situation may be possible although tragic. However, making this decision is complicated as a person has high potential to recover from non terminal illness. In this case maintaing the improving health is perceived essential y the healthcare professional (1 and 2). This decision is critical because it is difficult to find the distinction between trying to commit suicide and refusing the oral nourishment (13). This, moral dilemma cannot be resolved easily for instance if food is causing extreme distress then it is reasonable to refuse medical nutrition from the patient perspective (14). This idea is consistent with (tragic situation) leaving reasonably and taking reasonable care of our life (15). The decision to withdraw MNH from terminally ill patients is less complicated when compared to making similar decision in case of peop le in permanently vegetative state as they later cannot express their concern related to distress or refuse the treatment. In case of the patients who are in persistent vegetative state the health care professionals face moral and ethical dilemma to withhold r withdraw the MNH. It is due to various suspicious arguments put forward by the family members and relatives in this context. Withdrawal is considered to be killing by many people which leads to the argument of rights. Since everyone has the right to live, killing cannot be morally justified. These conflicts have remained unresolved since decades (10, 11 and 14). Further, an important aspect of ethical question in many situations is the quality of life is. This may be irrevalant to the moral questions about preserving life. Further, arguments against withdrawal of MNH involve needless suffering which is unreasonable (16). In case of dementia patients MNH may be more burdensome or frightening as they cannot comprehend what is happening (17). In conclusion, the review of literature from decades of research in this area concludes the decision to withdraw or withhold MNH from patients in terminal, non-terminal illness, permanently unresponsive state as indecisive. This is the outcome of various suspicious arguments in regards to MNH. These arguments are made in face of many unresolved theological issues and uncertainty of the treatment. Based on the discussion, the withdrawal of MNH may be justified to some extent in case of patients with terminal illness or fatal pathology. However, the same may not be justified for patients in the permanent vegetative state and it is still debatable if they should generally be allowed to die. It can be concluded that MNH is morally justified in case it helps a patient to achieve a good life, provided it should be given to an extent that it can be achieved. It is justified to embrace something that is least worse. It is morally unjustified if MNH does not help achieve a good life. It is re commended that the health care professionals should make decisions related to nutrition and hydration which should be guided by the presumption in favour of MNH. A decision to withdraw such treatment should be based on careful assessment of the positive and negative factors, benefits and burdens of MNH for each patient, their family and community. Withdrawn must not be done with the intention to cause death. However, it is justified if MNH offers no reasonable hope of sustaining life. It is also justified in case there are excessive risks or burdens. There is a need of developing more effective and humane mechanism for reviewing best interest decisions about MNH withdrawal from these patients. References Kitzinger C, Kitzinger J. Withdrawing artificial nutrition and hydration from minimally conscious and vegetative patients: family perspectives. Journal of medical ethics. 2015 Feb 1;41(2):157-60. Tannier C, Crozier S, Zuber M, Constantinides Y, Delezie E, Gisquet E, Grignoli N, Lamy C, Louvet F, Pinel JF. Withdrawal of artificial nutrition and hydration in severe stroke: medical, legal and ethical considerations. Revue neurologique. 2015 Feb;171(2):166-72. King JO. Nutritional Care of the Terminally Ill Adult. Nutrition and Hydration in Hospice Care: Needs, Strategies, Ethics. 2016 Apr 15. Maillet JO, King D. Nutritional Care of the Terminally 111 Adult. Nutrition and Hydration in Hospice Care: Needs, Strategies, Ethics. 2016 Apr 15:37. Vashi P, Popiel B, Lammersfeld C, Gupta D. Outcomes of systematic nutritional assessment and medical nutrition therapy in pancreatic cancer. Pancreas. 2015 Jul 1;44(5):750-5. Vashi P, Popiel B, Lammersfeld C, Gupta D. Outcomes of systematic nutritional assessment and medical nutrition therapy in pancreatic cancer. Pancreas. 2015 Jul 1;44(5):750-5. Pengo V, Zurlo A, Voci A, Valentini E, De Zaiacomo F, Catarini M, Iasevoli M, Maggi S, Pegoraro R, Manzato E, Giantin V. Advanced dementia: opinions of physicians and nurses about antibiotic therapy, artificial hydration and nutrition in patients with different life expectancies. Geriatrics gerontology international. 2017 Mar 1;17(3):487-93. Druml C, Ballmer PE, Druml W, Oehmichen F, Shenkin A, Singer P, Soeters P, Weimann A, Bischoff SC. ESPEN guideline on ethical aspects of artificial nutrition and hydration. Clinical Nutrition. 2016 Jun 30;35(3):545-56. Hermann DH. Artificial Nutrition and Hydration and the Patient in Persistent Vegetative State: Roman Cahtolic Magisterial Teaching on the Right to Refuse Medical Treatment versus the Obligation to Provide Ordinary Care. U. Dayton L. Rev.. 2015;40:407. Somers E, Grey C, Satkoske V. Withholding versus withdrawing treatment: artificial nutrition and hydration as a model. Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative Care. 2016 Sep 1;10(3):208-13. Leheup BF, Piot E, Goetz C, Quilliot D, Niemier JY, Wary B, Ducrocq X. Withdrawal of artificial nutrition: influence of prior experience on the perception of caregivers. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine. 2015 Jun;32(4):401-6. Marcus EL, Golan O, Goodman D. Ethical Issues Related To End Of Life Treatment In Patients With Advanced DementiaThe Case Of Artificial Nutrition and Hydration. Diametros. 2016 Dec 20(50):141-60. Piot E, Leheup BF, Goetz C, Quilliot D, Niemier JY, Wary B, Ducrocq X. Caregivers confronted with the withdrawal of artificial nutrition at the end of life: prevalence of and reasons for experienced difficulties. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine. 2015 Nov;32(7):732-7. Tang ST, Wen FH, Liu LN, Chiang MC, Lee SC, Chou MC, Feng WL, Lin YC, Liu IP, Kuo YH, Chi SC. A decade of changes in family caregivers' preferences for life-sustaining treatments for terminally Ill cancer patients at end of life in the context of a family-oriented society. Journal of pain and symptom management. 2016 May 31;51(5):907-15. Higgins I, Riet P, Sneesby L, Good P. Nutrition and hydration in dying patients: the perceptions of acute care nurses. Journal of clinical nursing. 2014 Sep 1;23(17-18):2609-17. Gent MJ, Fradsham S, Whyte GM, Mayland CR. What influences attitudes towards clinically assisted hydration in the care of dying patients? A review of the literature. BMJ supportive palliative care. 2015 Sep 1;5(3):223-31. Testoni I, Di Lucia Sposito D, De Cataldo L, Ronconi L. Life at all costs? Italian social representations of end-of-life decisions after President Napolitanos speechMargin notes on withdrawing artificial nutrition and hydration. Nutritional Therapy Metabolism. 2014 Jul 1;32(3):121-35.

Technology Impact On 1920 Essays - Manufacturing, Henry Ford

Technology Impact On 1920 Life World War I, "The war that would end all wars.", had ended by 1918; Europe was left in ruins physically, politically, and economically. The years following the most devastating war to take place prior to the 1920s, Europe would struggle with economic and political recovery, but not the United States. Left virtually unharmed by World War I, the United States was even able to experience a decade of peace and prosperity following such a disastrous war. Of the many reasons for America's prosperity, technology played one of the most vital parts in bringing the great economic and cultural prosperity that America experienced during the 1920s. New advancements, new discoveries, and new inventions improved American lives in many if not every conceivable way, but not without a few negative side-effects. One of the first major inventions to become a national craze was the automobile. First developed with a combustion engine in 1896 by inventor Henry Ford, he later started the Ford Motor Company, which mass produced affordable automobiles known as the Model-T. Ford's Model-Ts became such an overwhelming success that he sold over 15 million Model-Ts by 1927 (Gordon and Gordon 77). By the end of the decade, there was almost one car per family in the United States (Bruce 80). As a result, the automobile became an increasingly important part of American lives. Workers no longer needed to live close to their workplace, instead they could live farther away and still arrive at their jobs with ease. Homemakers could run errands with greater convenience. The overall increase in productivity and efficiency left the American people with more time for entertainment and recreation. Families could visit relatives on a constant basis, even distant relatives. The automobile provided a perfect way for people, especially for adolescents, to socialize and make merry. The automobile craze even came to a point where the back seat of a car replaced the parlor as a place for courtship and love (Gordon and Gordon 58). The popularity of the automobile also brought immense economic prosperity. One of the major contributions to the prosperity of the 1920s was the construction of roads and highways, which poured fresh public funds into the economy (Bruce 79). Automobiles appeared everywhere and were being driven everywhere. However a major problem was experienced by everyone as a result of this. According to Kenneth Bruce: "...there were very few good roads outside the east coast; crossing the continent was a real adventure, as during the spring when the snow melted or after a good rain storm, automobiles would sink into gumbo mud up to their hubs. Travelers crossing Iowa or Nebraska were often forced to wait several days until the road dried before moving onto the next town. ..." (79) In 1924, the Federal Road Act offered federal money to state legislatures, which would organize highway departments and match federal funds. Spurred on by this federal money, every section of the country launched ambitious road building programs during the 1920s. By the end of the decade, highway construction programs employed more men and spent more money than any single private industry. The increased use of automobiles touched every corner of the American economy. It stimulated the oil industry, it boosted road construction, extended the 1920s housing boom to suburbs, and even developed new businesses (Bruce 79-80). The success of the Ford Motor Company was so great that it can even be compared to that of today's Microsoft. And like today's Bill Gates, Ford and his Ford Motor Company had become a national symbol of industrial prosperity. By 1922, Ford, who earned over $264,000 a day, was declared a billionaire by the Associated Press (Gordon and Gordon 32). Luckily for the federal government, Ford paid a record $2,467,946 in income taxes for the prosperous year of 1924 (Gordon and Gordon 50). According to Elizabeth Stevenson: "... Nothing ever dramatized the system of factory organization so well as the break in Ford automobile production stretching across a good part of the year 1927. Ford was the epitome of everything in the world of everyday work that the citizens of the 1920s admired. His faults were overlooked or accepted as virtues, and his success in this great mechanical and business venture seemed a test of the health of the nation itself. The public found itself absorbed, entertained, and delighted by such toys as Model-Ts and Model-As. If Ford should fail, they all in some measure failed. But anticipation was joyous. Even the suspense was delicious, it would be a misunderstanding to think that it

Written Statement free essay sample

The plaintiff is put to strict proof of one and all of the allegations in the plaint. 2. The suit is a most vocations action and an abuse of process of Court. The plaintiff has invented a cause of action to file this suit. 3. It is true to say that the plaintiff is a tenant of the suit property under the defendant. 4. The allegation in para 5 of the plaint stating that the plaintiff is not issuing receipts for the rent paid by the plaintiff is false and not correct. The plaintiff and her husband never demanded any enhanced rent The plaintiff is put to strict proof of the same. The defendant has issued receipts to the plaintiff for the rent whenever he has paid. The defendant has rightly refused the rent sent through money order which is not a valid tender. Further allegation of complaint to police or seeking the help of police to get possession of the suit property is not admitted. We will write a custom essay sample on Written Statement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is false to state that the Police personal are threatening the plaintiff to vacate. 6. The allegations in para 7 of the plaint stating that the defendant and her hencement have got their own hencemen behind the police personnel are baseless and untenable. The defendant has not threatened the lplaintiff at any pint of time through police to vacate the plaintiff from the suit property be hook or cook as falsely alleged in the plaint. The plaintiff is put to strict proof of the same. There is no jurisdiction at all for the plaintiff to come forward with this suit. 7. The defendant submits, that she never attempted to disturb possession and enjoyment of the denied building by illegal methods. The defendant is prepared to contest any application under the Rent Control Act if and when taken against her. The defendant never proclaimed that she would throw away the plaintiff. There was no need or occasion for the plaintiff to file this suit. 8. The defendant further submits that the plaintiff had committed willful default in payment of rent. Anticipating that the defendant would take action against him, the plaintiff forestalled defendant’s action and has filed this suit and injunction petition with a view to course the defendant for terms. 9. The suit as well as the injection petition is not maintainable either in law or on facts. The plaintiff has not come forward with clear hands and there is absolutely no cause of action in this suit. 10. The defendant submits, that she never attempted to disturb the possession of the plaintiff and also undertakes not to dispossess the plaintiff otherwise than under due process of law. 1. There is absolutely no cause of action for the plaintiff to file this suit. The suit is not at all maintainable for want of a cause of action. It is therefore prayed that the suit may be dismissed with costs.

Chronicle of a Death Fortold Essays - Gabriel Garca Mrquez, Santiago

Chronicle of a Death Fortold Essays - Gabriel Garca Mrquez, Santiago Chronicle of a Death Fortold Chronicle of a Death Fortold, by Gabriel Marquez, is concerned with death in life and life in death. It was rainy on the day of Santiago Nasars murder, and yet by the account of others, it was not. His death is so mingled with illusory images that everything seems mystified: much like death itself. The fact that the story is about how a death consumes the lives of the entire town as well as the victim, shows that it is concerned with death in life and asks us to evaluate our own views. Not only is the story concerned with death in life on the literary level, but the people of the town feel obliged to honor and offer gifts to a bishop that doesnt even like the town. It is perhaps because they fear if they do not keep their faith, they are putting in jeopardy their fate after death; this is the primary concern of all religions, life after death and fear of the unknown. "For years we couldnt talk about anything else. . .and it was obvious that we werent doing it from an urge to clear up mysteries but because none of us could go on living without an exact knowledge of the place and the mission assigned to us by fate"(113). "All right, girl, he said to her, trembling with rage, tell us who it was. . .Santiago Nasar, she said"(53). Whether or not Santiago Nasar was the reason behind Angela Vicarios lost honor, his death shapes and defines her life afterwards. Many in the town describe her as being a woman half in mourning and the narrator is amazed at how she ends up understanding her own life despite how much she was made to die in life(101). Chronicle of a Death Fortold makes us look at life and death and face uncertainty about our future. Because it questions death and our belief in religion, it depreciates, in a sense, our strong belief in the glories of afterlife. Like the narrator, maybe we, "couldnt bring ouselves to admit that life might end up resembling bad literature so much"(102). It makes us think that we should be content now, and not later, and that the intermingling of life and death is not purely coincidental, but perhaps one is no greater than the other.

Difference and similarities between modern orthodox, hasidic, and a Essay

Difference and similarities between modern orthodox, hasidic, and a unaffiated jew - Essay Example Reuven: I m a modern orthodox, I believe woman is part of modern American culture we need to engage with. i believe in the modern ways but one should still hold on to the jewish tradition. Engage in the secular world is what makes our believes survives in these days. On the other side of the podium we have girls from all of the Jewish background. All of the 24 lights were still on at this time. There are two female guest we are known of. Malkie and from the story Who Knows Kaddish, the narrator. I named the narrator â€Å"Kaddish†. Malkie: Hi Reuven. I’m Malkie, I am from hasidic orthodoxy, but some what I agree with your opinion. I really prefer spiritual in the Jewish faith. I think be a part of the modern world is an important part of Judaism. there should be acomplement between the the secular and the traditional believes. I’m interest in you. Kaddish: Hi, Reuven. I’m Kaddish. I am unaffiliated Jew. I don’t have much belief in Jewish, but I live around it and I like how it bonds within the culture. My families were Jews but we lived like Unitarians, and celebrated the secular trappings of Christmas. But we celebrate no Jewish holidays because as far as we knew, they werent any fun (Kirshenbaum, 174). Reuven: I had my secular education at Yeshiva University and I read a lot of books my father recommend me. But I am still a faithful Jew. Don’t say that reading books would make you less religious because now I have both knowledge and faith as the outcome. My father is a great guy. He didnt restrain me much on the choice of my education. My father is a modern Jew he devote his life to his faith in modern orthodox, he also promoted a Jewish state. (cite and connect to lecture?) Malkie: My parents didnt allow me to get a secular education and this is what i have grown up with. I really adore my parents devotion into hasidism. We

College students should have complete freedom to choose their own Essay - 1

College students should have complete freedom to choose their own courses and create their own curriculums - Essay Example becomes evident that it is not at all necessary for the person to be intelligent and capable, but it shows that if the person strives then, he can for sure get what he desires. Therefore, the main factor behind this high score is none other than â€Å"MOTIVATION†. Motivation can be induced in any way either by offering some sort of monetary reward or it can be as simple as public recognition, or recognition among peers. Of course, a mentally challenged person will not be able to achieve it even with motivation, but an average person with sound mind can easily achieve a good score with a little motivation. Many a time uninterested respondents do not even bother to go beyond a few questions or think. They simply remain unflustered, and unbothered. This type of attitude again claims biasness in the claimed success of the high stakes test as accurate measures. It has been generally seen that people who belong to low income strata or to areas with lower economic growth score lower on the colleges. Their lower scores do not necessarily imply that they have low intelligence or possess no knowledge; it’s just that the setup of the test, the language used (in most cases) is not the one they are familiar with. The high scores in test can also be achieved if you have had better schooling and early grooming. There are evidence where children who are made to â€Å"open† their minds in the early stages of life by being made to play mind games and puzzles have a general tendency to think â€Å"out of the box†, they grasp things like puzzles or mind boggling questions easily and can comprehend and answer them far more easily than others who haven’t been exposed to such activities The reason is that their minds have been made to look at the problem and break it and then solve them. Therefore, it is beyond argument that your background, the area or society in which you were brought up may not be all, but are some of the basic reasons that may influence the score you get in your

Of Mice and Men is a novel about people Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and Men is a novel about people Essay Of Mice and Men is a novel about people. Are there too many cripples, misfits and unusual characters in the novel to consider Steinbecks portrayal as true life? Steinbecks novel is based on ordinary people during the American Depression. Steinbeck has an understanding of how migrant workers were and how it was as he had his childhood in California near Salinas Valley. During the period in which the novel was wrote was written migrant workers went from ranch to ranch working for money never really having a secure job as new technology in machinery made it cheaper to harvest crops. This introduces the two main characters George and Lennie, migrant workers, who do not fit into 1930s society. The novel based is on characters that represent different walks of life during the period illustrating the American culture. Steinbeck portrays the American culture in a condensed version occurring only on a ranch, showing the grim truces of the society, when the novel was written In Steinbecks novel the character Candy is a man who has gone past his prime of his life. He has a stumped hand and therefore he is too maimed to be working in the fields, he can be seen as a cripple in the novel. The result of this is that he has menial job as a swamper. To represent the fears of time Steinbeck writes about Candy being worried about getting the can as a result of his unimportance on the ranch, and this is shown when Steinbeck wrote I aint much good with ony hand. I lost my hand right here on this ranch. Thats why they give me a job swampin This suggests that the job was only given to Candy out of sympathy. Furthermore Candy saying I aint much good shows his awareness of his own situation, being worthless to the ranch. Candy represents the aged sector that exists in every society, at the time the novel was written work was very scarce and if people were employed they would have to work hard to say in work. Candy as an aged person is on his last job, because if he loses it no one else will take him on. This is his major fear throughout the novel and Steinbeck portrays the aged migrant worker as a pathetic man with only a dog to keep him company. Steinbeck writes Candy looked a long time at Slim to try and find some reversal The above statement suggests that Candy has no authority with the other workers on the ranch and needs Slim to assist him; this shows Candy, as a cripple, has no respect from the other characters, which is a portrayal of true life during the American Depression. With the dog eat dog world of the period skill, strength, intelligence, age and skin colour affected authority. Candy has a change of attitude after hearing about the dream soon after his dog was shot, Steinbeck choosing to write the dream being heard by Candy at this point in the novel when the character had lost everything that was important, gives the cripple hope for the future as his past (with his dog) is finished. Sadly the dog is a symbol of his possible future, the fate of the aged. In a time of mass unemployment and the fear of loneliness compels Candy to latch himself onto a belief to persevere in the harsh lonely world and this gives Candy the renewed confidence. Steinbeck shows the change of Candys attitude after he hears about the dream, Candy joined the attack with joy Glove fulla Vaseline, he said disgustedly. This quote enhances the change in the character of Candy, as before he did not say anything in general conversation between the workers and at this point he was important. The verb attack shows Candys aggression against Curley, who has a higher status than Candy and is more important to the running of the ranch and is the bosses son, not a cripple and stronger. The adjective disgustedly in the quote shows that Candy is sickened by Curley and Curleys attitude to others and Candy himself. This shows Candy is more than a cripple in the story, but a character who needs an image of a better future for himself with no worries. The dream of getting a ranch of their own is the need for some security can be compared as a pension in a modern view. Once Candy has this security in the dream Steinbeck enhances the character making him bolder, and his character comes out from the shell of an old cripple. In chapter two Steinbeck introduces the reader to the character of Crooks. The name Crooks is not used for him at the start of the novel and it is only later on that he is called Crooks. The names used for him are derogatory labels including stable buck, nigger and Crooks. Throughout the whole novel the reader never finds out the characters real name, which adds to the effectiveness of the character being a misfit. Steinbeck enhances the idea of Crooks being a misfit when he writes They let the nigger come in. Little skinner name of Smitty took after the nigger. Done pretty good, too This depicts that the other characters do not see Crooks a real human being but as an object of entertainment. Steinbeck conveys how a black man fits into the society of the period through racism. Crooks is a misfit in the novel because of his skin colour and his physical appearance, because of this he is segregated from the other workers on the ranch. This can be shown by They let the nigger come in this implies that the others do not want to be around him and that it is an important event when he does. The above quote can also suggest that Crooks wants to be sociable with the others and the word let suggests that the character has tried before. His injury to his back illustrates to the reader that he can be put into a category with Candy, as a cripple. The connection between the two is deeper than them both have a disability. Steinbeck brings them both together in chapter 4 at the start of the novel when he writes Yeah. Nice fella, too. Candy is shown to have a high regards and respect for him; Steinbeck puts them in the same situation in the novel. Candy and Crooks as cripples both need to belong to something as there is always the threat of getting the can or a similar consequence to of Candys dog. One may think that Steinbeck was trying to portray a bridge across racism in the period with a white man and black man wanting the same dream. As Crooks changes his view in the novel from being a defensive one to felling some hope about the dream too. At first Crooks attitude to little piece of land in his head is an objectionable because society has made him pessimistic and spiteful to any sign of others having some dream of happiness knowing that he can not have any because of race. However when he hears about the money he is more open and suggests he wants to be apart of it, this can be shown when Steinbeck wrote If you guys would want a hand to work for nothing- just his keep This quotes conveys Crooks hope in the dream and he wants to be apart of it to be secure and treated as an equal. The reader learns a valuable lesson from Crooks and Steinbeck portrays it effectively that society is in the wrong not that the characters. Steinbeck illustrates Crooks as being a proud son of a bitch with his tidy room but this does not make just a misfit or a cripple but he has humanity with all other blacks. Thats why a lot of time is devoted to him in the novel, his role is equally important to the social statement made by Steinbeck. The end of this key chapter with Crooks in, chapter 4, unhappily ends how it began with Crooks rubbing medicine into his back, this is a powerful message put across to the audience which may evoke the reader to think that society will not change unless we change society. Crooks had briefly gained some respect from other white males and had hope for the future, but it is when this happens that a women shattered his hopes, this would be terrible to Crooks because women were thought to be lower and weaker than men, so being put down by Curleys wife made him worth nothing, just like during the beginning of this chapter. A character that is, in essence, unusual is Curleys Wife. She is unusual because she is the only female character who speaks in this novel. Steinbecks portrayal of women in this novel is not in a good light, given that the men go to a brothel. Women typically represented as objects of sexual nature not as partners or equals but as. Curleys Wife is unusual in a way that she is the only women on a ranch full of men going around dressed to seduce, this can be shown in She had full, rouged lips and wide-spaced eyes, heavily made up. Her fingernails were red. Steinbeck suggests that she is trouble by all the red in the description, with red bringing up connotations of danger. The red also can connote seduction. Steinbecks character has a habit of looking for her husband which can suggest that she is lonely and is constantly seeking attention from the other men, another reason for dressing up seductively is to conceal her loneliness, Steinbeck includes her in the novel to portray the American housewife, wanting to be something more than a housewife. This was typical during this period of social change with Hollywood and women becoming celebrities, which is exciting compared to a life on the ranch. Steinbeck effectively portrays this in He says he was gonna put me in the movies. Says I was a natural. This implies to the reader that she wanted something more to her life than to be stuck on a ranch. This however makes her a misfit on the ranch in the novel because of her wanting a different dream to come true, but during that period people were fascinated about celebrities so the character of Curleys Wife can represent the womens struggle during the American Depression. We learn from the novel that society during that period was male orientated and that women were beginning to have their own dreams other than finding a good man to marry. Throughout the whole novel the reader is aware of Lennie being a misfit in the novel. When the reader is first introduced to this character his physical description suggests that he is misfit large pale eyes can connote the lack of intelligence, giving the sense of subdued expression, the adjective large agrees with the stature of Lennie, though the adjective pale implies the mindlessness of him. The other characters in the novel who are misfits, unusual characters or cripples have a physical or emotional problem but Lennie as one of the lead characters is different with an intelligence problem; this engages the readers sympathy as Lennie is every childlike. Steinbeck writes about the childlike behaviour of Lennie in Lennie was still smiling with delight at the memory of the ranch This quote depicts Lennies lack of social skills, like a child, which gets the character into a trouble that wouldnt have really happened in the novel if the character was not a misfit, such as what happened in Weed where he stroked the womens dress not knowing that he was doing something wrong and ended up being outcast and hunted. Steinbecks 1930s society is not tolerant of Lennie and his disability to handle a difficult social problem. Society when this novel was written is not an understanding one and Steinbeck dramatically portrays this by the fight in the novel. Steinbeck shows the reader during that period people acted too rash and unsympathetic, and Steinbeck with this novel wants people to take notice of society and for it to be more tolerant to misfits, cripples and in a sense unusual characters. Steinbeck leaves the ending of Lennie at a moderately neutral point of view; this lets one make up ones mind to know that its a tragedy. On one side that it is a tragedy that Steinbecks characters have no acknowledgment of Lennie killing Curleys Wife by accident and that he has no understanding of death and his own strength. On the other side some readers may believe that Lennie should be shot because he killed a human, even with his lack of intelligence it still make him a danger to society. Steinbeck writes his death in the place where Lennie suits best throughout the whole novel, in nature Suddenly Lennie appeared out of the brush, and he came as silently as a creeping bear moves. This quote implies that Lennie suited the environment that he was in, and the metaphor a creeping bear moves is a powerful one. In addition, it conveys the character to be almost part of nature and if he was never meant for society. As a result of this, the reader may think it is less of a tragedy as Lennie dies where he belongs. Steinbeck portrays the purpose of Lennies character of being the character that allows people to have a dream. Lennie is the one to console in and not to put down people, because he has no real understanding of how the world works. Candy and Crooks benefit from having time with Lennie as Candy has someone to talk too furthermore ensuring Candy a no opposition to joining the dream, which may not have occurred if Lennie was not a misfit to society. Crooks has someone to talk to without no prejudice as it because of Lennie being unintelligent, he did not understand the concept of racism. Lastly, Lennie ensured Curleys Wife finally got someone to talk to in the novel. Steinbecks misfit Lennie shows the flaws in society that needs to be exposed in true life. If there were more people like Lennie on the ranch (society) there would be more empathy towards others and their feelings and there wouldnt be feelings of superiority other one another. George and Lennie have a friendship that is not typical of the period in which the novel was set. Two men travelling around together and working together was unheard of, the American Depression saw people distant themselves from each other. With no security, men chose not to trust each other. Steinbeck depicts this effectively throughout the whole novel. This relationship is not typical of the era, Steinbeck shows this when he writes Guys like us, that work on the ranches, are the loneliest guys in the world. They got no family. They dont belong no place. This illustrates the stereotype of the migrant worker making this unusual relationship out of place in the novel and Steinbeck wanted to show this by the effects of their relationship upon the characters. The relationship being not of true life has a sense of inevitable doom to it. Steinbeck depicts the relationship to draw other characters to it so that they can belong even though the friendship creates suspicion in; He hooked his thumbs in his belt and squinted one eye nearly closed This expresses to the reader the Boss had never seen it before and that thinks it trouble, with squinted one eye the verb creates suspicion. This clearly emphasis the idea, that the relationship sparks the plot with eventually, Lennie killing Curleys Wife. Perhaps Steinbeck shows this because he is making a social statement on the period where people just can not trust in one another or be emotionally close to each other, with out anything going wrong. George and Lennies relationship shows one how much empathy and understanding one man can have in another. Against everyone being antagonistic to the relationship George stuck by Lennie until he could no more. Steinbecks characters have a friendship that is destroyed by the attitudes in society of the period. In conclusion to this essay, Steinbeck has wrote misfits, unusual characters and cripples in Of Mice and Men to show the faults and prejudices during the 1930s American depression, in which the novel was written. Steinbecks characters portray different aspects to the life in the period. Crooks represents the life of a black man having to struggle through life being worth nothing because of skin colour, whilst Curleys Wife represents how a women struggles in a male dominant society, the male dominant society being the ranch itself. Candy symbolises the aged in the period, being old is being useless and unwanted. Though the novel has misfits, unusual characters and cripples they would not have as much affect if they were not contrast to the more stereotypical characters of the period. Curley and Carlson show the reader the bleak and lonely lives migrant workers had. The contrast has a bigger and more meaningful social statement made by Steinbeck. The writer effectively shows this at the end of the novel. Now what the hell ya suppose is eatin them two guys? This enhances the social statement made by Steinbeck, with Slim consoling George but the other more usual characters, Curley and Carlson, not coming together after the whole plot Steinbeck keeps them apart and socially distant, unaware of the situation George is in. the novel is also concluded within the novel where the image of the water snake an the heron. The whole novel is summarised, with the calmness to the heron snatching the water snake. Steinbeck implies this animal image that humans in a society live like animals and how that we have not evolved to be more tolerable of peoples differences; the consequence of this is Lennies death. Steinbeck conveys marvellously that this will keep transpiring as the heron returns to the pool to catch another water snake.

Public perceptions of policing

Public perceptions of policing This paper will critically examine the effect media representations of the police can have on public perceptions of policing. In doing so it will argue that the media has a considerable influence on public perceptions of policing, highlighting that positive representations of the police are a necessity in reducing crime and creating social cohesion as a whole. This paper will conclude that negative representations should be reduced, through the media and through police accountability. In order to critically examine the effect of media representations on public perceptions, the role of the police must be discussed. Traditionally, the police role was based on the role of the night watchmen. In the late 17th Century, from every evening until sunrise, night watchmen would patrol the streets with a task to examine all suspicious characters (Emsley et al. 2012). Their main responsibility was to arrest offenders of minor crime and to deter offenders of more serious crimes (Emsley et al. 2012). To clarify, part of their role was to detect and prevent crime which generally adds to the maintaining of public order in society. This is considered to be a traditional role of the police, but, in present times this role has become much more complex. The role of the police can now be considered as split into two; to punish or to support. To explain, civil policing has a minimal distance between the police and the community, with concerns to conflict resolution and peace keeping. H owever, as a coercive and repressive force, military policing distances the service and the community by concentrating on punishment rather than community involvement. For instance, military policing has been used as an attempt to tackle the war on terror, despite the debates surrounding its considered effectiveness (Murray, 2005:347). Despite this, in recent years greater emphasis has been placed on designing policing services around public need (Myhill, 2011:273). Not only can the overall role be considered torn into antithesis, the duties within the role are numerous. McLaughlin (2007) describes police work as multifaceted in that the duties of the police include officers on the beat, stopping crimes in progress, investigating serious crimes and the arresting of offenders. In addition, the police have to focus on the deterrence of criminals as well as the reassurance of the public. On this view, police activity is in fact difficult to define and, for the most part, unrelated to law enforcement and criminal detection (Mclaughlin, 2007:52). With a police role that is in itself hard to define, it is important to discuss what the public perception of the role of the police is. The public can be considered to perceive the police as symbols of moral authority (Jackson et al. 2009:104). Therefore, the role of the police is to resolve immoral acts, and set the standard of morality. To illustrate, if the police are found to be corrupt then they are arguably damaging the moral symbol, which reduces the confidence the public have in the symbol. Perhaps due to this focus on morality, the public demand that offenders (the wrong-doers) are caught and crime is prevented (Manning cited in McLaughlin, 2007:53). Public views on policing are considered as important as administrative assessments (Myhill, 2011:273-274), this can help to ensure that their duties are executed in a satisfactory manner. Overall, public perceptions of policing are influential in their own right. In regards to this, it is important to address the perceptions of the efficiency of the police and the confidence the public have in the police. Bradford (2009) discusses four distinct groups in regards to confidence and perceptions of police effectiveness; these groups being identified through research undertaken in London. Firstly, there are the supporters who are confident about policing and the improvements in policing but have little direct experience of the police, for example, they are unlikely to have been a victim. Secondly, the contents are satisfied with policing but have indifferent feelings towards policing, similarly, they have little contact with the police. Thirdly, the needy have negative views towards the improvement of policing and do not appear to be satisfied with policing; they have high levels of police contact and victimisation. Lastly, there are the demanding who have high levels of police contact but less of this contact is caused by victimisation. They are not completely satisfied with policing but are more likely to feel informed about neighbourhood policing (Bradford, 2009:144). From this, it seems that public perceptions of the police vary due to personal experience, but the amount of contact one has with the police doesnt entirely determine whether one has a positive or negative view of policing. For example, the contents and the supporters have similar contact with the police but have differing perceptions and confidence in policing. Arguably this could be due to vicarious experience (Bradford, 2009:42), for example, stories about the police which one hears from others or through the media. This type of experience could influence ones views on policing. Concerning the split role of the police, it has been established that a more service-oriented style of policing can improve public confidence, for example neighbour policing (Myhill,2011:276). Public confidence in policing is important as it aids police-public relations, and can help to deal with the reassurance gap (Bradford, 2011:179). To clarify, crime is falling but it appears to have had little impact on public confidence in policing (Jackson et al. 2009:101). Due to this, the police are having to deal with the fear of crime in addition to attempting to control crime. The police service is trying to reduce the fear by dealing with broader concerns, for example, social disorder, as well as increasing police visibility and police-public relations (Jackson et al. 2009:101). In recent years, the media can be considered to play on this fear of crime. Ditton et al. explains that although the dominant current attitude towards the relationship between the media and crime is of the formers causing fear of the latter, it wasnt always soà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦most research attention in the field was oriented to connecting the media to viewers aggression (i.e. as potential offenders) rather than to their anxieties (i.e. as potential victims) (Ditton et al. 2011:443). On this view, if the media was to concentrate on the aggression instead of the victimisation, the fear of crime would be reduced. If this fear was reduced it would increase public confidence in policing as they would believe that crime has fallen, as opposed to the public lacking confidence in the falling rate of crime. In addition, if policing does not have to tackle the fear of crime, it leaves more time to tackle actual crime, which in turn may make police-public relations stronger. Moreover, trends in public perceptions of national and local crime rates in England and Wales of 2003/2004, found that the more people thought crime was increasing, the more they lacked confidence in the police (Myhill, 2011:275). Overall, one can argue that the media influences the public into fearing increasing crime, this lowers their confidence in the police and so infringes on the strength of police-public relations. As media representations are available for general consumption, they are one of the few means whereby the public can make sense of crime and justice (Schlesinger et al. 2010 :255). In fact, the media can be considered as something that is no longer something separable from society (McRobbieThornton, 2010:488). Furthermore, the media can emphasise what they desire to cover, and neglect others (Schlesinger et al. 2010 :260). For example, a problem with policing which can be easily sensationalised in order to sell more newspapers may be reported on, whereas a successful policing crime-prevention technique lacking dramatic value may not be. Predominantly, one may view the representations of policing in the media as negative. To illustrate, the death of Ian Tomlison was heavily reported in the media. Between Tomlisons death and the Crown Prosecution Services decision not to prosecute, there was a shift in news media attention-from police violence to the wider problem of systemic institutional failure' (Greer,2011:275). To explain, the media acknowledged the misconduct of a particular police officer, but in time forwarded alleged problems of policing itself. As the public use the media to access knowledge of crime and justice, it can be considered that the public would have followed this story from the start, and so would have gained negative perceptions of policing by the end of this string of media representations. As well as producing hyperbole in the news, the media can be guilty of misrepresentations . To illustrate, McLaughlin (2007) argues that the boundaries of the real have become heavily blurred and, to some extent, erased, in that the many fictional police based programmes give a incorrect impression of policing, and produce false perceptions of policing. The media has put the once sacred icon of national security and social order at risk (McLaughlin, 2007:114) On the other hand, the media can produce positive representations of the police, which in effect may increase positivity among the public perception of policing. For instance, Neighbourhood Blues (BBC1, 2012) represents the police in a positive light, demonstrating how they integrate with the public, for example, liaising with the homeless, giving advice, showing care and compassion as well as enforcing the law. Therefore it seems that the televised representations of policing can have its strengths and weaknesses in regards to public perceptions of policing. To clarify, on-screen media can take away the reality of policing and create false representations, however it can also be a means to demonstrate the real work that the police actually undergo. In regards to media as news reports, it appears that the more sellable the story the more likely it will be printed, and so the more scandalous stories, such as police misconduct, will be presented on a larger scale than other less sensational stories. As previously acknowledged, the effects of media representations on public perceptions of policing also affects the trust the public have in the police. Greer Castells explain, When public officials and institutions are repeatedly and sensationally named and shamed as incompetent or corrupt, and failing to adhere to the norms and values they are supposed to uphold and encourage in others, public trust is undermined (Greer McLaughlin,2012:289) An example of such, is the media reaction to the MacPherson Report, in relation to the murder of Stephen Lawrence in 1993. Allegedly, collusion and corruption on the polices behalf occurred during the Stephen Lawrence enquiry which affected the time-scale of the case achieving justice. There were also claims of unprofessional treatment of the Lawrence family during the enquiry (MacPherson, 1999). The media was immediately receptive to the enquiry (Neal, 2003:65), taking a hold of the misconduct within the police, and transforming representations to focus on institutional racism and the need for policy intervention, with four major newspapers reporting about this on their front pages (Neal, 2003:65). These newspapers heavily criticised the police in a way which was considerably unmanageable for the police (Neal, 2003:63). It is thought that higher levels of trust are linked to positive outcomes in terms of co-operation, deference and even compliance with the law ( Tyler cited in Bradf ord 2011:179 ). In this sense, one could argue that this excess of negative representations from the media hindered this trust by encouraging public perceptions that were damaging to policing. However, on the opposite view the media can be considered to have had positive effects on public perceptions, arguably it was the sole reason for the Lawrence case eventually coming to justice. If it was not for the media initially reporting on the case, the MacPherson report might never had emerged, and the issue of institutional racism may never had been acknowledged. Taking this into account, the media helped to increase the professionalism of the police. This may not have provided a positive perception of policing , but ultimately by tackling corruption, policing will improve, and in turn this could limit the negative publicity of the police. Arguably, if the police had held themselves accountable for the misconduct in dealing with the Lawrence case, then the media would not have had to expose the corruption in the police on behalf of the community. Thereby, the police need to safeguard their trust from the public and maintain a positive representation of policing by being accoun table and professional. As well as maximising audiences as much as possible, on behalf of the public the media also challenges state institutions (Mawby, 2002, 30), therefore it is in the police services interest to have positive media relations and be more proactive in order to control the police image. There exist certain strategies as a result of this interest, the main objective being the generating of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦positive publicity, thereby influencing public opinion in favour of force objectives (Mawby,2002:317). By promoting a positive light on police work, making use of all opportunities to obtain positive publicity, ensuring a professional image, and using the media to promote policing in a positive way, the public can gain a better understanding of policing and policing objectives(Mawby,2002:317). To clarify, if the police were to be continually accountable for their acts and professional in undertaking tasks and dealing with the public, they would begin to tackle the negative image of policing that the media represents so often. This is due to the fact that the media would have less need to expose the police on behalf of the community, as the police would have deem themselves responsible prior to any media report. Moreover, the police can only do a limited amount in the realms of policing in producing a positive image to the public as it is the media that has the influence on the police-public perception. Ultimately, policing must focus on improving media relations and taking a pro-active role in promoting themselves in a positive light. This would reduce the negativity that the media can present to the public, ultimately improving the publics perception of policing. In summary, this paper has argued that media representations of the police do influence the publics perception of policing. With the police role being a debatable, complex concept, public perceptions of policing are important. As was illustrated through Bradfords distinct groups, ones perception of policing is not solely dependent on personal experience. Due to the medias need to sensationalise and their duty to speak for community, the media generally represents a negative view of the police. Furthermore, the media can be considered to play on the fear of crime which has had a massive effect on public perceptions of crime, and is counter productive in the tackling of crime and in improving the trust the public have in the police. However, the media can present policing in a positive light in informative programmes for example. This paper has argued in favour of the importance of a positive police-public relation, as this positive relationship can not only help to reduce the fear of crime but can tackle crime itself. With emphasis on the importance and the benefits of a positive relationship, it is paramount that the media limits its negative representations of policing in order to improve the public perception of the police and so the police-public relationship. However, this paper has acknowledged that the media is not always incorrect when negative perceptions of policing are represented, in fact the media can be a necessary tool in holding the police to account in certain cases. Ultimately, this can add to the professionalism of the police service, and so can improve community satisfaction. Even so, the police need to control their own image and take charge in presenting themselves positively, regardless of the media. Overall, the representation of the police in the media needs to be positive, this could be achieved through the police service itself improving its professionalism by showing accountability, alongside the necessity of the media changing throug h acknowledgment of the disadvantages they can bring by negatively representing the police. To conclude, this paper has critically examined the effect that media representations of the police can have on public perceptions of policing, and has argued that these representations do have a considerably negative effect on public perceptions, of which needs to change.

Binge Drinking on College Campuses

Alcohol on American campuses has become a serious issue.   According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, drinking among college students leads to about 1,400 deaths, 500,000 injuries and 600,000 assaults each year (Coin).In 2000, the total number of alcohol related deaths on college campuses was nearly 5,600, while in 1979 the total was more than 2,500 (McClintock), and the number of students who reported that they had driven while intoxicated rose from 2.3 million to 2.8 million (Hingson 260).   This statistic includes all college students, ages 18-24.   That means some of the people involved in these incidents were underage.   1 out of every 4 students drinks at a binge level (Simons 24).This reflects the direction that the youth of America, as a whole, has taken.   Part of the reason for this is that many college students do not know about the harmful effects of alcohol.   Although college drinking, historically, has been viewed by many as a rela tively innocent rite of passage, there is evidence that it is a rite that too often results in negative consequences for drinkers such as poor academic performance, public misconduct, and health problems.Binge drinking is defined as having five or more drinks for men, and for or more drinks for women (Jennison 660).   After putting these numbers in a blood alcohol estimator, the average male, about 165 lbs, would have a BAC of approximately .09.   This is legally intoxicated in all states.   These numbers were achieved using beer as the type of alcohol.   Had it been hard liquor, the number would have been higher.   At this level of intoxication, all motor skills and judgment are affected adversely, leading to bad decisions as well as the physical inability to handle oneself.The negative short term affects of excessive drinking are numerous.   Impaired vision, judgment, and speech are among the first and most obvious symptoms of drunkenness.   Also, nausea, vomiting, d ehydration, and headaches are among the most common symptoms the next day, commonly referred to as a â€Å"hang over.†The main problem with these short term affects is the impaired judgment and motor skills.   When people are drunk, they can get very emotional, and this often leads to physical altercations.   More than 600,000 students reported being assaulted by someone who was under the influence of alcohol and more than 500,000 reported being injured while intoxicated (Hingson 261).   It is a fact: people have trouble controlling both their words and their actions while they are drunk, and this often leads to injuring themselves or the people around them.There are also many long term affects.   Liver disease, brain damage, and ulcers are the most common among the many effects that slowly tear away at the human body (Jennison 672).   It can also lead to impotence in men, birthing problems in women, added risk of breast cancer, and muscle deterioration (Hingson 268 ).   These are all very serious problems, and for the most part, most college students have no clue about the long term consequences of their binge drinking (Donahue 20).Next, we must understand the reason students drink in college.   Much of the drinking occurs at parties and revolves around drinking games.   These are social games designed to bring different groups of people together, and the rules of participation ensure heavy drinking (Simons 24).   Various games include beer-pong, Beirut, F**k the dealer, asshole, and quarters, among others.The general rules in these games ensure that both winners and losers will drink, with the losers drinking dangerous amounts.   Most people engage in these games as a way to meet new people, while some get involved just to drink.   Another reason many males start these games is to get girls involved.They know that alcohol makes people make decisions they wouldn’t usually make and they hope this leads to the girls being easi er.   It is a fact that alcohol loosens ones inhibitions, so many new friends can be met in one night at a party by a typically shy person if he/she decides to drink.   Also, many students are pressured into drinking by friends, but as they have never drank alcohol before, they do not know their limits, and this is often what leads to the biggest problems.Many first time drinkers have wound up â€Å"passed out† somewhere due to involvement in drinking games (Simons 27).

Earth Structures

Lesson Goal: Recognize how bedrock responds to tectonic forces originating deep within Earth. 1. Compare and contrast stress and strain. In material science, strain is express by deformation caused through the action of stress on a physical body. It is calculated by a change in two body states; beginning and final states. The difference in two states expresses the (numerical) value of strain. Strain is equal to a change in size and shape of a physical body. Strain can be categorized in to two types; homogenous and non-homogenous.Homogenous strain is referred if the strain is equal the entire portion of the body while non-homogenous strain; the strain is equal to a portion of a body. Stress is equivalent to force per unit area. It is calculated by the intensity of internal forces performing within a body across imaginary internal surfaces. This results to externally applied and body forces. Stress is related to force while strain is related to deformation. In stress-associated propert ies, all materials have temperature dependent differences.Static fluids support the hydrostatic pressure; it will flow under shear stress. Moving viscous fluids supports the dynamic pressure (Samaniego â€Å"Stress, strain and fault patterns†). 2. Distinguish between joints and faults. What makes a fault active? In geology, joint is a fracture in a rock mass, which has no offset. It refers to non-lateral movement of one side relative to the other while a fault refers to a fracture in rock mass where one side slides laterally past to the other. The structure of a joint forms a solid and hard rock that stretches past its elastic modules.In any case, the rock fractures in a plane perpendicular to the extensional stress is paralled with compressive stress. Joints naturally exist when erosion removes overlying rocks. This reduces the compressive load and allowing the rock to expand laterally. In addition, cooling of hot rock masses and cooling joints forms joint (Joint 2007). Ther e are three major classifications of faults. These include normal, reverse and strike slip faults. The (tectonic) stresses due to plate motions were developed over time and breaks in the crust of the Earth. The rocks at uneven periods break up.This results to earthquakes. Normal faulting originated at the divergent boundaries while reverse faulting originated at convergent boundaries. Normal faulting is associated with crustal extension while reverse faulting is associated with crustal shortening. Lastly, strike-slip faulting originated at transformed boundaries (Reches â€Å"Faulting of rocks in three-dimensional strain fields II. Theoretical analysis†). 3. Explain what each type of unconformity implies about the sequence of geologic events. Four types of unconformity include; disconformity, nonconformity, angular unconformity and paraconformity.Disconformity refers to an unconformity between parallel layers of sedimentary rocks representing a period of erosion. Nonconformit y exists between sedimentary rocks and igneous rocks. The sedimentary rock lies above and deposited on the pre-existing and eroded igneous rock. Unconformity refers to a break in the continuity of sedimentary rocks caused by erosion. Paraconformity appears when the beds above and below are parallel; no erosion-al surface is present. In any case, the unconformity results to a separation and/or deposition of two rock masses causing the sequence of geologic events (Unconformity 2007).Works Cited â€Å"Joint. † 2007. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. , Columbia University Press. 9 December 2007 < http://www. infoplease. com/ce6/sci/A0826522. html>. Reches, Z. â€Å"Faulting of rocks in three-dimensional strain fields II. Theoretical analysis. † 31 March 2003. Technophysics. 9 December 2007 < http://www. sciencedirect. com/science? _ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V72-48894N0-2S&_user=10&_origUdi=B6V9D-3X2HYRH-S&_fmt=high&_coverDate=05%2F20%2F1983&_rdoc=1&_orig=article&_ac ct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=ca2e0b329475a6f5a70a37b5eda89e86>.Samaniego, A. â€Å"Stress, strain and fault patterns. † 30 July 1999. Journal of Structural Geology. 9 December 2007 < http://www. sciencedirect. com/science? _ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V9D-3X2HYRH-S&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=715c8aab57dd7baa2d89a90c55869bbd>. â€Å"Unconformity. † Sci-Tech Encyclopedia. 9 December 2007 http://www. answers. com/topic/unconformity? cat=technology.

Why the Crucible is a Tragic Comedy Essays

Why the Crucible is a Tragic Comedy Essays Why the Crucible is a Tragic Comedy Essay Why the Crucible is a Tragic Comedy Essay Essay Topic: Clueless The Crucible Why The Crucible is A Tragic Comedy Have you ever been dancing in the woods naked, while a colored foreign lady sings songs with only made up words that start and end with the letter B? If so, you are to be hanged for witch craft with no question. They were so clueless about having a problem in their town that it went way too far and they didnt really think things through all the way. People would Just run around telling the authorities that so and so is a witch. They would be taken away and hanged for no reason. There was no proof about them being witches or nobody went into further investigation. Lets take a minute and really think about how the catastrophe in Salem really started. A group of young girls blind to what they are doing by dancing around a big pot and Just so happens to get naked. No big deal right? People who hung there had no proof saying they practiced witch craft. There was really no proof what the girls had done that night or what they were doing. The men in charge were really quick to jump to conclusions. With no trial of any investigation of any sort they Just had their mind set on that they were witches. Citizens accused of witch craft by anyone else basically had no chance at all ecause, there never really would be a trial for them. The person accusing the other person of being a witch could be easily making it all up. They never asked the witness for proof of what they supposedly saw. It was always the good people that were punished and the people that actually practiced witch craft were the ones lying saying they witnessed the good people practicing witch craft. The young ladies that started the whole Salem witch trials lied, and they started to show it when few of the girls started to tell the reverends the truth, but were influenced back into the lie by the other girls again. Another reason that says the young girls were lying is they blamed the witch craft on people that hurt them, or has the man they like. Also shown they were lying when some of them took all of their parents money and ran away on a boat in the middle of the night. The conclusion of my point of view is that this whole thing was way blown out of proportion by the reverends and men in charge. People were so scared of the fact that the idea of people practicing witchcraft is in their town. Including the higher up men position were being questioned so they had to show to the public they had it under control by anging innocent accused people. These poor innocent people were lucky to be given two options: admit to practicing witch craft and be free but hung with that reputation, or die for not admitting to it. In these times people literally lived by the bible and they strongly believed that if they lied they were going to hell, so these people were not going to admit and lie so they swallowed their pride and died for no reason at all. With that being said this story sounds like a tragic comedy to me. Why the Crucible is a Tragic Comedy By warpony2730

Overview of the U.S. Quasi-War With France

Overview of the U.S. Quasi-War With France An undeclared war between the United States and France, the Quasi-War was the result of disagreements over treaties and Americas status as a neutral in the Wars of the French Revolution. Fought entirely at sea, the Quasi-War was largely a success for the fledgling US Navy as its vessels captured numerous French privateers and warships, while only losing one of its vessels. By late 1800, attitudes in France shifted and hostilities were concluded by the Treaty of Mortefontaine. Dates The Quasi-War was officially fought from July 7, 1798, until the signing of the Treaty of Mortefontaine on September 30, 1800. French privateers had been preying on American shipping for several years prior to the beginning of the conflict. Causes Principle among the causes of the Quasi-War was the signing of the Jay Treaty between the United States and Great Britain in 1794. Largely designed by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, the treaty sought to resolve outstanding issues between the United States and Great Britain some of which had roots in the 1783 Treaty of Paris that had ended the American Revolution. Among the treatys provisions was a call for British troops to depart from frontier forts in the Northwest Territory which had remained occupied when state courts in the United States interfered the repayment of debts to Great Britain. Additionally, the treaty called for the two nations to seek arbitration regarding arguments over other outstanding debts as well as the American-Canadian border. The Jay Treaty also provided the United States limited trading rights with British colonies in the Caribbean in exchange for restrictions on the American export of cotton.  Ã‚   While largely a commercial agreement, the French viewed the treaty as a violation of the 1778 Treaty of Alliance with the American colonists. This feeling was enhanced by the perception that the United States was favoring Britain, despite having declared neutrality in the ongoing conflict between the two nations. Shortly after the Jay Treaty took effect, the French began seizing American ships trading with Britain and, in 1796, refused to accept the new US minister in Paris. Another contributing factor was the United States refusing to continue repaying debts accrued during the American Revolution. This action was defended with the argument that the loans had been taken from the French monarchy and not the new French First Republic. As Louis XVI had been deposed and then executed in 1793, the United States argued that the loans were effectively null and void. The XYZ Affair Tensions heightened in April 1798, when President John Adams reported to Congress on the XYZ Affair. The previous year, in an attempt to prevent war, Adams sent a delegation consisting of Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Elbridge Gerry, and John Marshall to Paris to negotiate peace between the two nations. Upon arriving in France, the delegation was told by three French agents, referred to in reports as X (Baron Jean-Conrad Hottinguer), Y (Pierre Bellamy), and Z (Lucien Hauteval), that in order to speak to Foreign Minister Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, they would have to pay a large bribe, provide a loan for the French war effort, and Adams would have to apologize for anti-French statements. Though such demands were common in European diplomacy, the Americans found them offensive and refused to comply.  Informal communications continued but failed to alter the situation as the Americans refused to pay with Pinckney exclaiming  No, no, not a sixpence! Unable to further advance their cause, Pinckney and Marshall departed France in April 1798 while Gerry followed a short time later. Active Operations Begin Announcement of the XYZ Affair unleashed a wave of anti-French sentiment across the country. Though Adams had hoped to contain the response, he was soon faced with loud calls from the Federalists for a declaration of war. Across the aisle, the  Democratic-Republicans, led by Vice President Thomas Jefferson, who had generally favored closer relations with France, were left without an effective counter-argument. Though Adams resisted calls for war, he was authorized by Congress to expand the Navy as French privateers continued to capture American merchant ships. On July 7, 1798, Congress rescinded all treaties with France and the US Navy was ordered to seek out and destroy French warships and privateers operating against American commerce. Consisting of approximately thirty ships, the US Navy began patrols along the southern coast and throughout the Caribbean. Success came quickly, with USS Delaware (20 guns) capturing the privateer La Croyable (14) off New Jersey on July 7. The War at Sea As over 300 American merchantmen had been captured by the French in the previous two years, the US Navy protected convoys and searched for the French. Over the next two years, American vessels posted an incredible record against enemy privateers and warships. During the conflict, USS Enterprise (12) captured eight privateers and liberated eleven American merchant ships, while USS Experiment (12) had similar success. On May 11, 1800, Commodore Silas Talbot, aboard USS Constitution (44), ordered his men to cut out a privateer from Puerto Plata. Led by Lt. Isaac Hull, the sailors took the ship and spiked the guns in the fort.  That October, USS Boston (32) defeated and captured the corvette Berceau (22) off Guadeloupe.  Unknown to the ships commanders, the conflict had already ended.  Due to this fact, Berceau was later returned to the French. Truxtun the Frigate USS Constellation The two most noteworthy battles of the conflict involved the 38-gun frigate USS Constellation (38). Commanded by Thomas Truxtun, Constellation sighted the 36-gun French frigate LInsurgente (40) on February 9, 1799. The French ship closed to board, but Truxtun used Constellations superior speed to maneuver away, raking LInsurgente with fire. After a brief fight, Captain M. Barreaut surrendered his ship to Truxtun. Almost a year later, on February 2, 1800, Constellation encountered the 52-gun frigate, La Vengeance. Fighting a five-hour battle at night, the French ship was pummeled but was able to escape in the darkness. The One American Loss During the entire conflict, the US Navy only lost one warship to enemy action. This was the captured privateer schooner La Croyable which had been purchased into the service and renamed USS Retaliation. Sailing with USS Montezuma (20) and USS Norfolk (18), Retaliation was ordered to patrol the West Indies. On November 20, 1798, while its consorts were away on a chase, Retaliation was overtaken by the French frigates LInsurgente and Volontaire (40). Badly outgunned, the schooners commander, Lieutenant William Bainbridge, had no choice but to surrender. After being captured, Bainbridge aided in Montezuma and Norfolks escape by convincing  the enemy that the two American ships were too powerful for the French frigates. The ship was recaptured the following June by USS Merrimack (28). Peace In late 1800, the independent operations of the US Navy and the British Royal Navy were able to force a reduction in the activities of French privateers and warships. This coupled with changing attitudes in the French revolutionary government, opened the door for renewed negotiations. This soon saw Adams dispatch William Vans Murray, Oliver Ellsworth, and William Richardson Davie to France with orders to commence talks. Signed on September 30, 1800, the resulting Treaty of Mortefontaine ended hostilities between the US and France, as well as terminated all previous agreements and established trade ties between the nations. During the course of the fighting, the new US Navy captured 85 French privateers, while losing approximately 2,000 merchant vessels.

Organization Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Organization Analysis Paper - Essay Example This item comprises the personnel expenses and other costs of administration, as well as the cost of external services that are not allocated internally to other functions" (Nivea Home Page 2008). a. Policy making and allocation of financial resources are determined with much thought to the broader vision of the community and its needs. Nivea strategic planning is an effective link between a number of traditional planning processes and budgeting. Similar to other cosmetics companies, Nivea has a comprehensive plan focusing on a ten- to fifteen-year horizon and emphasizing the development of the company. Budget processes tend to allocate resources on a basis of one to three years (Kemp and Dunbar 2003). Capital improvement plans tend to focus on five-year time frames. A strategic plan, like any planning process, describes future action but is not time-dependent. Some strategic issues are critical today and must be dealt with immediately (Rachlin, 1998). Strategic planning and budgeting reflect mission statement of the company and its strategic goals. The consumer business strategy is determined as "passion for success" (Nivea Home Page 2008). In order to fulfill its promises, Nivea relies on superior brand, superior supply chain, has clear Geographical Focus and superior talent in Lean Organization. Nivea's mission formulation determines the competitive arena in which an organization operates, how resources are to be allocated, and the appropriate size of the organization. Mission also focuses the direction of the organization and helps determine its driving forces (Rachlin, 1998). The mission statement defines the overall organizational purpose and driving force(s). It should be developed by top management and, if formulated correctly, it can have surprising consequences for later strategies. "We want to continuously increase our world market share. We will achieve this by consistent growth from within and by targeted acquisitions in line with our strategy" (Nivea Home Page 2009). The role of the senior financial officer is to ensure effective allocation of resources and financial spending. For instance, in 2004 budget department changed its mission from "controlling financial expectations" to "achieving excellence in financial and budgetary management." Respect for the organization increased dramatically and employee morale skyrocketed. Missions like these provide a statement to insiders and outsiders about what the organization stands for--its image, values, and character. For Nivea, strategy is the framework which guides those choices that determine the nature and direction of an organization. Thus, without careful budgeting planning the company would not be able to expend and invest in other activities (Garrison et al 2004). Tactical goals are the heart of budgeting. It is the process that answers the "what" questions that an organization must answer in order to carry out its mission (Kemp and Dunbar 2003). Strategy development seems to be the most difficu lt part of the budgeting planning process to accomplish in the cosmetic sector. Much budgeting strategy development is aimed at combating efforts or anticipated movements of competitors. The role and task of the financial officer is to control and manage financial spending and investments in accordance with goals and strategies

The Case Against Affirmative Action 2 Research Paper

The Case Against Affirmative Action 2 - Research Paper Example Also, the idea behind the same is derived from setting something right by committing a wrong action again. Discrimination of any form is wrong and in this case discrimination takes place against the majority group in order to settle the injustice undergone by the minorities at one point of time. For instance, since the blacks were treated as slaves once, it is justified that they should be getting some privileges over and above the whites who perhaps had no connection with slavery of the past. The idea is based upon â€Å"Two Wrongs Make a Right Thesis† (Pojman) Despite all, one might argue essentially on the basis of discrimination alone that Affirmative Action cannot do justice to the society at large and is ethically wrong. There are essentially two main arguments, which might be given in favor of Affirmative Action. The first source of argument is derived from the perception that this has helped in making United States a very fair and united society. In the year 1950, an estimation of NAACP showed that merely 15 percent of the Afro Americans managed to gain employment in white-collar jobs like clerical or sales posts against 44 percent of the whites designated in similar positions. In fact racially inferior people were excluded from the fields concerning apprenticeships oriented towards skilled profession like that of plumbers and electricians. As a result the income level of the black families amounted to around 55 percent of the earnings of the whites. The level of unemployment among the blacks was double that of the whites. Owing to certain programs such as Philadelphia Plan in 2002 the percentage of blacks in white collar and service oriented jobs amounts to three fourths while 25 percent of them have jobs in management and professional designations. While there were merely 10 Afro Americans to represent the Congress in 1970, this number increased to 40 after the elections of 2006. In the education scenario, around 39 percent of Afro Americans

Detailed Character Analysis for Hally, Sam, and Willie Essay

Detailed Character Analysis for Hally, Sam, and Willie - Essay Example We learn about Willie through what Sam says to him concerning his dance partner: â€Å"You hit her too much. One day she’s going to leave you for good† (7). From this, we can gather that Willie does not like to admit his mistakes, as Sam had to draw the information out of him that Willie had beaten his dancing partner, Hilda. Willie also likes to blame others for his problems: â€Å"Before that I use to be happy. And is you and Miriam who bring me to Hilda and say here’s partner for you† (37). We can see that Willie can’t take responsibility for his own actions and takes his frustrations out on others, but we can see how he learned this type of response from the way he’s been treated and seeing how others around him react. Willie functions as a foil to Hally. We can see the same kind of reactions in Willie as we see in Hally. The difference is that Hally thinks of himself as superior to Willie when he really does the same things as that Willie does. This is one reason that Willie isn’t as well developed as the other two characters; he has served his function. We already have one main character that treats people poorly, but Willie functions as the character that highlights Hally’s hypocrisy, and so we don’t need to know that much else about Willie. As previously mentioned, the main portion of the play takes place in conversations between Sam and Hally. Hally is a young, white, school age boy that has picked up his attitudes towards Sam and Willie, the servants, from his parents. It extends further than just how he degrades them when he’s angry at them; it includes how he feels superior to them as revealed in his everyday speech with them: â€Å"Act your bloody age†¦Cut out the nonsense now and get on with your work. And you too, Sam. Stop fooling around† (13). Even though the boy is does not earn the best grades in school, he considers himself intellectually superior to Sam and feels the need to instruct him: â€Å"Tolstoy may